# Large sums of quadratic residues

Let $p \equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ be prime, and define $$f(p)=\sum_{m=1}^{\frac{p-1}{2}}\sum_{n=1}^{\frac{p-1}{2}}\left(\frac{m+n-\frac{p+1}{4}}{p}\right),$$ where $\left(\frac{a}{p}\right)$ denotes the Legendre symbol (i.e. +1,-1,0, depending on whether $a$ is a quadratic residue/non-residue/zero).

The construction of $f(p)$ is admittedly artificial and was essentially done by trial-and-error to create a "large" f(p). What I'm interested in showing (which I'm not even sure is true) is that $$f(p) = \Theta(p \sqrt{p}).$$

Now, I've programmatically computed $f(p)$ for all $p < 50000$, and it is from this that I'm conjecturing $$\frac{p \sqrt{p}}{6} \le f(p) \le \frac{p \sqrt{p}}{4}.$$ In particular, it is the lower bound that I'm actually interested in (though the upper bound might also be interesting in its own way), since I would have expected $f(p)$ to be close to zero.

More generally, are there any papers that research something similar to this? The closest things I can find are related to clique numbers of Paley graphs, or the smallest quadratic non-residue, but neither of these seem to relate directly to this question.

## 2 Answers

First step, we introduce a function to roughly describe the number of the term $\big(\frac{k}{p}\big)$. For convenience purpose, We define it on $[0,2\pi]$ as $$f(x)=\cases{x, & \text{0\leqslant x\leqslant \pi/2}\\ \pi-x, & \text{\pi/2\leqslant x\leqslant3\pi/2}\\ x-2\pi, & \text{3\pi/2\leqslant x\leqslant 2\pi}}.\\$$

It is straightforward to show that the Fourier series of $f(x)$ is $$\frac{4}{\pi}\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{(2n-1)^2}\sin((2n-1)x),$$ which convergent to $f(x)$ absolutely and uniformly.

Second step, we use the result of Gauss sum for prime $p\equiv 3\pmod{4}$ $$\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)e^{2\pi ik/p}=i\sqrt{p},$$ which implies $$\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\sin(2\pi km/p)=\biggl(\frac{m}{p}\biggr)\sqrt{p}.$$

Thus we can calculate the sum \begin{align} S(p)&:=\frac{p}{2\pi}\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)f(2\pi k/p)\\ &=\frac{2p}{\pi^2}\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{(2n-1)^2}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\sin(2\pi k(2n-1)/p)\\ &=\frac{2p}{\pi^2}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{(2n-1)^2}\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\sin(2\pi k(2n-1)/p)\\ &=\frac{2p\sqrt{p}}{\pi^2}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{(2n-1)^2}\biggl(\frac{2n-1}{p}\biggr)\\ &=\frac{2p\sqrt{p}}{\pi^2}L(2,\chi),\\ \end{align} where $\chi$ is the primitive Dirichlet character modulo $4p$ with order $2$.

Let $p=4r-1$, note that we may rewrite $S(p)$ as follows $$S(p):=\frac{p}{2\pi}\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)f(2\pi k/p)=\sum_{k=0}^{r-1} k\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=r}^{3r-1} (p/2-k)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=3r}^{4r-2} (k-p)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr).\\$$

Third step, we show that the sum in your question equals $S(p)$. \begin{align} \sum_{m=1}^{2r-1}\sum_{n=1}^{2r-1}\biggl(\frac{m+n-r}{p}\biggr)&=\sum_{k=2-r}^{r-1}\sum_{n=1}^{k+r-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=r}^{3r-2}\sum_{n=k-r+1}^{2r-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\\ &=\sum_{k=2-r}^{r-1}(k+r-1)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=r}^{3r-2}(3r-1-k)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\\ &=\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}(k+r-1)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=r}^{3r-2}(3r-1-k)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=2-r}^{-1}(k+r-1)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\\ &=\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}(k+r-1)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=r}^{3r-2}(3r-1-k)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=3r+1}^{4r-2}(k-3r)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\\ &=\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}(k+r-1)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=r}^{3r-1}(3r-1-k)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\sum_{k=3r}^{4r-2}(k-3r)\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\\ &=S(p)+(r-1)\sum_{k=0}^{r-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\frac{2r-1}{2}\sum_{k=r}^{3r-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+(r-1)\sum_{k=3r}^{4r-2}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\\ &=S(p)+(r-1)\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)+\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=r}^{3r-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)\\ %&=S(p)+\frac{r-1}{2}\biggl(\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)-\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\biggl(\frac{-k}{p}\biggr)\biggr)+\frac{1}{4}\biggl(\sum_{k=r}^{3r-1}\biggl(\frac{k}{p}\biggr)-\sum_{k=r}^{3r-1}\biggl(\frac{-k}{p}\biggr)\biggr)\\ &=S(p).\\ \end{align}

For the last step, we use the estimations $$L(2,\chi)\leqslant\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{(2n-1)^2}=(1-2^{-2})\zeta(2)=\frac{\pi^2}{8},$$ $$L(2,\chi)=\prod_{\text{prime}~p}(1-\chi(p)p^{-2})^{-1}\geqslant\prod_{\text{prime}~p>2}(1+p^{-2})^{-1}=(1+2^{-2})\frac{\zeta(4)}{\zeta(2)}=\frac{\pi^2}{12}.$$ Then we get $$\frac{p\sqrt{p}}{6}\leqslant S(p)\leqslant\frac{p\sqrt{p}}{4}.$$ That is exactly what you conjectured.

I believe there are more general and deep theories on values of Dirichlet L-functions which may provide much better solution. However, I have little knowledge of that, so I just mention this field as a possibility for you.

What an interesting question! The following is just an observation on rewriting the sum, not an answer. For $i\in\{0,1,\dots,p-1\}$, let $$a(i)=|\{(m,n)\in \{1,\dots,(p-1)/2\}^2| m+n-(p+1)/4\equiv i \bmod p\}|.$$ We may check that for sufficiently large $p$, $p\equiv 3\bmod 4$, $a(i)$ takes the value of $(p-3)/4$ at $0$, then increases by $1$ at each subsequent value until it attains a maximum value of $(p-1)/2$ at $(p+1)/4$. Then it decreases by $1$ until it reaches $0$ at some value, takes $0$ again at the next value, then increases by $1$ until it reaches $(p-7)/4$ at $(p-1)$. Therefore by the properties of the Legendre symbol your sum is equal to

$$\sum_{i=0}^{(p-3)/4}2i\left(\frac{i}{p}\right)+((p-1)/2)\left(\frac{(p+1)/4}{p}\right)+\sum_{i=(p+5)/4}^{(p-1)/2}\left((p-1)/2-2-2(i-(p+5)/4)\right)\left(\frac{i}{p}\right).$$

Let $h(-p)$ be the class number of the imaginary quadratic field $\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{-p}]$, $p\equiv 3 \bmod 4$. By Dirichlet, we know that $$h(-p)\left(2-\left(\frac{2}{p}\right)\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{(p-1)/2}\left(\frac{i}{p}\right).$$

From what is known on upper and lower bounds on these class numbers, and since in the considered sum the coefficients of the Legendre symbols take the form specified, perhaps it gives insight relevant to your observation.