How to understand why $x^0 = 1$, where $x$ is any real number?

Question

Alright, so the idea of an exponent, $x$, is that you are multiplying its base by itself $x$ number of times. With base $5$ and $x=3$, we have that $5^3$ = $5 \cdot 5 \cdot 5$

I understand that the logarithm with base $a$ of $x = c$,

tells us that

$$a^c = x$$

and for $c =$ positive; values for $x$ are greater than $1$,
and for $c =$ negative; values for $x$ are less than $1$,
and for $c = 0$, values for $x$ are...$1$.

So in short, I understand how, by means of observation of the graph of $f(x) = \log x$, we can see that $f(1) = 0$, BUT, I see no other way to understand why $x^0 = 1$, apart from the graph and everything around that very point.

I honestly cannot get my head around the idea, "$5$ times itself $0$ times... is one".

Is it that there is no fundamental answer for this but that we simply know by the graph? Or can I truly understand $x^0 = 1$ on its own?

Answer 1

$x^{n+1}=x\cdot x^n$ right?

so

$x^1=x \cdot x^0$ but $x=x^1$ so for that to hold true, $x^0$ must be $1$.

Similarily,

$\large x^{-n} = \frac{1}{x^n}$.

So $\large x^n \cdot x^{-n} = x^n \frac{1}{x^n} = 1$.

But $\large x^n \cdot x^{-n} = x^{n+(-n)} = x^0$, so once more, $x^0=1$.

There are really many reasons for that to hold, and all of them are just a consequence of some agreements we've made previously.

Answer 2

Don't think of $x^n$ as $\overbrace{x\cdot x\cdots x}^{n\text{ copies}}$. Instead think of $x^n$ as representing the result of starting with $1$ and applying "${}\cdot x$" $n$ times: $1\overbrace{{}\cdot x\cdot x\cdot{}\cdots{}\cdot x}^{n\text{ copies}}$.

This also makes negative exponents a little nicer for beginners. $x^{-n}$ is just applying the opposite of ${}\cdot x$, which is ${}\div x$, $n$ times. $x^{-n}=1\overbrace{{}\div x\div x\div\cdots\,\div x}^{n\text{ copies}}$.

Answer 3

There are many answers about why $x^0 = 1$ for general $x$, so I'd like to address a different issue here, the way you think about exponentiation, which seems to be troubling you.

The definition you use for exponentiation holds true for integers, and rationals if you define what $x^{1/n}$ means, but what about the irrationals? How can you times something by itself $\sqrt{2}$ times? The answer is - you can't! You need to come up with some sensible way to define exponentiation rigorously.

We define $$e^x = \displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}$$ which is absolutely convergent for any complex $x$, and only depends on us defining what $x^n$ means for the natural numbers and $0$. Considering the function restricted to the reals we can use this definition to show that the function is continuous, differentiable, has an inverse $\ln{x}$ and satisfies all the properties that we are used to with exponentiation. To then define, $a^x$ for $a \not= e$ we say $a^x = e^{x\ln(a)}$. This obeys all the properties that we want it to for rational $x$ and has the added bonus of being well defined on the irrationals too.

In fact, the definition of $e^x$ can even be seen as a motivation to define $x^0$ as $1$. $x^n$ for any natural $n$ is defined intuitively, but choosing any value for $x^0$ which is not $1$ will mean that this definition of $e^x$ will not longer obey the rules we have come to know and love e.g. $e^{a+b} = e^{a}e^{b}$. When you look at it like this, you really have no choice!

I hope you find this useful!

Answer 4

These are all good answers. Here's another way to think about it via the empty product. It may be the best way to see it "on its own". It also provides a nice way of thinking about other seemingly paradoxical operations involving zero like $0^0$ and $0!$

The empty product basically says that the product of no factors is 1. It is necessary if we want to recursively define a product of a set of commutative elements.

Answer 5

Well $5^{x} = 5^{0 + x} = 5^{0} 5^{x}$. Dividing by $5^{x}$ yields $1 = 5^{0}$. If you define at all, I don't think you will have a better choice.

Answer 6

If you want to keep "the idea of an exponent, $x$, is that you are multiplying its base by itself $x$ number of times" then a simple way to think about is as follows:

$x^0 = 1 \times x^0 = 1x^0 = 1 \overbrace{\phantom{\small{x\text{ multiplied by itself 0 times}}}}^{x\text{ multiplied by itself 0 times}} = 1$

This works because $1$ is identity of multiplication ($\times$).

Answer 7

$\dfrac{a^b}{a^c} = a^{b-c}$ for $a \gt 0$. Now let $b=c$.

It can get more complicated for $a \lt 0$ and $b$ and $c$ non-integers, while for $a=0$ it is just a convenient definition.

Answer 8

I see that this question already has seventeen answers, but I'm going to jump on the bandwagon because as a set theorist I feel very underrepresented by the current answers.

For $m,n \in \mathbb{N} = \{0,1,2,\dots\}$ we can define $m^n$ to be the number of functions from a set of size $n$ to a set of size $m$. For instance, $$3^5 = \text{the number of functions}\ \{1,2,3,4,5\} \to \{1,2,3\}$$ There's only one set of size $0$, namely the empty set $\varnothing$, and so for any $m \in \mathbb{N}$ $$m^0 = \text{the number of functions}\ \varnothing \to \{1,2,\dots,m\}$$ But for any value of $m$ there is only one such function, namely the empty function. (This is a function: its domain is empty so it satisfies the definition trivially.) Therefore $m^0 = 1$ for all $m \in \mathbb{N}$.

This definition of exponentiation extends naturally to $\mathbb{Z}, \mathbb{Q}, \mathbb{R}, \cdots$ and also to infinite cardinal numbers.

More interestingly, according to this definition, we have $0^0=1$ (since there is exactly one function $\varnothing \to \varnothing$) without any fear of lack of definition. (It does mean that the function $x \mapsto 0^x$ is discontinuous at $0$, but who cares? It means that the power series definition of $\exp x$ is well-defined at $0$, which I think trumps this caveat!)

Answer 9

I don't think you can "truly understand it on its own".

"5 times itself 0 times..." is just too naïve a way to think about it. It's true that we initially define powers by iterated multiplication, and in this context it is obvious that $x^{n+m} = x^n\times x^m$. Given this, there is an obvious generalisation for rational exponents: define $x^{\frac{p}{q}}$ to be the $q^{\mathrm{th}}$ root of $x^p$. The final step is also obvious: demand that $x^y$ be continuous in $y$.

I don't know a 'more fundamental' way to understand this.

Answer 10

What is $5$ added to itself $0$ times? The answer is $0$. Why? $0$ is the nothing of addition. It works the same way with $1$. You can change $5^0$ to $(5^0)\times1$. That is the thought behind it. Another way to look at it is a a nice and sleek definition I like for exponents. $x^1=x$ and $x^m\times x^n$=$x^{m+n}$. That means $x^n\times x^0=x^{n+0}=x^n$. This goes back to the idea of $1$ being the identity of multiplication.

Answer 11

Multiplying by $1$ is the same as not multiplying by anything at all, so it's the same as multiplying by $5$ zero times.

Answer 12

RULE 1

$$\frac{x^m}{x^n} = x^{m-n}$$

thus if m=3 and n=3,

$$\frac{x^3}{x^3} = x^{3-3} = x^0$$

RULE 2

Anything devided by its self is 1, why?

$$\frac{10}{10} = 1,$$

because $\frac{y}{y} = y\left(\frac{1}{y}\right) = \left(\frac{y}{1}\right)\times \left(\frac{1}{y}\right)$ which can be displayed as

$$ \frac{y}{1} \times \frac{1}{y} = \frac{1}{1} = 1$$

here the $y$ values cancel out to become 1

COMBINING THE RULES

so if anything devided by it's self is 1 and $x^0 = x^{m-n} = \frac{x^m}{x^n}$ then $X^0$ must = 1, as its simply just a way of saying that value devided by itself =?

Answer 13

Strictly speaking $x^0$ is defined to be 1 so that the power rules work out nicely for positive and negative powers.

Answer 14

I think that $r^0=1$ mostly to make exponent arithmetics consistent. Since $r^a\cdot r^b=r^{a+b}$ and since $r^a=\frac{1}{r^{-a}}$ we get: \begin{align} r^0 = r^{a-a}= r^a\cdot r^{-a}=r^a\cdot\frac 1 {r^a}=\frac{r^a}{r^a}=1 \end{align} So any other than $1$ defenition to $r^0$ would be inconsistent with exponent arithmetics.

Answer 15

There are good answers on this question but a visual representation of pow function may be useful too.

Please, consider this patterns

    ...
x^3  = x*x*x
x^2  = x*x
x^1  = x
x^0  = ?????
x^-1 = ?????
    ...

    ...
x^3  = 1*x*x*x
x^2  = 1*x*x
x^1  = 1*x
x^0  = 1
x^-1 = 1/x
x^-2 = 1/x/x
x^-3 = 1/x/x/x
    ...

A simple traditional definition of pow function means how many times we multiply a number by self.

But in more strict sense pow function means how many times we multiply or divide the one by a number.

By this reason x^0 = 1 => 0^0 = (-1)^0 = 1 too.

In a more general case the seed may be any number.

static double Pow(double x, int pow, double seed = 1d)
{
    var value = seed;
    
    if (pow < 0)
        for (var i = 0; i > pow; i--) value /= x;
    else
        for (var i = 0; i < pow; i++) value *= x;
    
    return value;
}

Answer 16

$x^{n-1}=\frac{x^n}{x}$

$x^0=x^{1-1}=\frac{x^1}{x}=\frac{x}{x}=1$

Answer 17

First of all, your identity doesn't hold true for $x = 0$. In another words, $x \in \mathbb R^+$. For the intuition,$$ a^0 = a^{x -x } = { {a^x} \over {a^x}} = 1$$

---

Another: $$a^{n -1} = {a^n \over a}$$Now,$$a^{1 - 1} = {a^1 \over a} = {a^1 \over a^1} = 1$$

Answer 18

So many have given so many answers

But on my behalf i want to put it in simple terms as below

Apply $\log$ on both sides so it becomes $$ \log x^0 = \log 1 $$ here $\log 1$ is zero and the rule of logarithms says that $\log a^b = b\cdot \log a$

so it would be $0\log x = 0$ So they are equal.

Simple right :)

Answer 19

First of all you(not only you many) have to understand mathematics is also a language, another way of communication. Language is obviously based on grammar( lexical rules). Power is a operation which is based on multiplication. $2^2$ means its just a language which convey you that you have to multiply 2 number 2 times. $2^0$ means you should not use 2 at all. Automatically our mind fills the number 1 instead of void.