An equality in linear algebra and operator algebra Suppose $\rho$ is a self-adjoint postive semidefinite operator in $\mathbb{C}^{n \otimes n}$ (a quantum state). $L$ and $M$ are complex $m \times n$ matrices. How would one prove that if $L^\dagger L \rho L^\dagger L = M^\dagger M \rho M^\dagger M$, then $L^\dagger L = M^\dagger M$? $L^\dagger$ refers to the conjugate transpose of $L$.
I came across this equality in a research paper I am studying and was not able to see a general proof of the statement. 
 A: So, reading the comments, the intent was "for all $\rho$". Fix $\varepsilon>0$ and let $$\rho=(L^\dagger L+\varepsilon I)^{-2}.$$ Then your equality looks like 
$$
L^\dagger L(L^\dagger L+\varepsilon I)^{-2}L^\dagger L=M^\dagger M (L^\dagger L+\varepsilon I)^{-2} M^\dagger M.
$$
As $\varepsilon\to0$, the left-hand-side converges to the range projecton of $L^\dagger L$. As the right-hand-side always maps into the range of $M^\dagger M$, we conclude that $\text{Ran}\,L^\dagger L\subset\text{Ran}\,M^\dagger M$. As the roles of $L$ and $M$ are reversible, we get equality. 
If we restrict to the range of $L^\dagger L$, both $L^\dagger L$ and $M^\dagger M$ are invertible, since 
$$
\ker L^\dagger L=\text{Ran}\,(L^\dagger L)^\perp.
$$
If $X$ is such inverse for $L^\dagger L$, and $Y$ for $M\dagger M$, we now have 
$$\tag{1}
\rho=XM^\dagger M\rho M^\dagger MX.
$$
By taking limits of positive definite matrices we obtain any positive semi-definite matrix, and by taking linear combinations we can obtain any matrix. So the equality $(1)$ holds for any arbitrary matrix $\rho$. We can take for instance $\rho=Y^2$, and we get 
$$\tag{2}
Y^2=X^2.
$$
Since $X,Y$ are positive semidefinite, it follows from $(2)$ that $X=Y$. By uniqueness of inverses, $L^\dagger L=M^\dagger M$. 
A: Following the last comment the question is easy to answer, that is: we want to prove that

If $$A^\dagger A M A^\dagger A=B^\dagger B M B^\dagger B$$
for all self-adjoint positive semidefinite matrices $M\in\Bbb C^{n\times n}$ with $\operatorname{trace}(M)=1$ and any $A,B\in\Bbb C^{m\times n}$ then $A^\dagger A=B^\dagger B$.

Observe that the operator defined by the matrix $n^{-1} I$ is self-adjoint positive semi-definite and clearly $\operatorname{trace}(n^{-1}I)=1$, hence the statement to be proven imply that
$$A^\dagger An^{-1} IA^\dagger A=B^\dagger Bn^{-1} IB^\dagger B\implies n^{-1}(A^\dagger A)^2=n^{-1} (B^\dagger B)^2\tag1$$
It can be easily seen that $A^\dagger A$ is positive semi-definite and that also it is $(A^\dagger A)^2$ (just observe that $A^\dagger A$ is also self-adjoint). Then we can apply the following theorem:

If $M$ is a (bounded) positive semi-definite operator it have a unique positive semi-definite square root.

Thus $(1)$ can be simplified to
$$A^\dagger A=B^\dagger B$$
after simplifying and taking the positive square root from both sides, because $A^\dagger A$ is positive semi-definite, and thus it is the unique positive semi-definite square root of $(A^\dagger A)^2$.
