An example of symmetric associative increasing function which cannot be represented as addition Let $X$ be some connected subset of $\mathbb{R}$.
Let $f: X^2\to X$ have following properties:


*

*$\forall x, y$: $f(x, y)=f(y,x)$ (Symmetry)

*$\forall x, y, z$: $f(x, y)>f(x,z)\iff y>z$ (Strictly increasing on any argument)

*$\forall x, y, z$: $f(x, f(y, z))=f(f(x, y), z)$ (Associativity)


We call $f$ addition-like, if there exists an injection $\phi:X\to\mathbb{R}$
such that $\forall x, y$: $\phi(f(x,y))=\phi(x)+\phi(y)$.
Can $f$ be not addition-like?
Some examples:


*

*$f(x,y)=xy, x>0,y>0$, then $\phi(x)=\ln(x)$

*$f(x,y)=xy+x+y, x>0,y>0$, then $\phi(x)=\ln(x+1)$


I do not know the answer to the question because I have trouble finding such $f$ at all except explitictly using addition/multiplication with some mapping, which obviously yields addition-like function by definition and multiplication being addition-like.
 A: Let $f(x,y) = [x] + [y] + s(s^{-1}\{x\} + s^{-1}\{y\})$
Here $[x]$ is the integer part of $x$ and $\{x\}$ is the fractional part of $x$ and $s$ is any order preserving bijection between $[0,\infty)$ and $[0,1)$ (e.g. the sigmoid function).
Then there’s no [edit: order-preserving] $\phi$ because there are infinitely many elements, namely any element of $[0,1)$, which stay bounded under $f$. By this I mean:

Let $f^2(x) = f(x,x)$ and $f^n(x) = f(f^{n-1}(x), x)$. (For the case of addition this is just $n \cdot x$).
Let's say an element $x$ grows without bound positively (resp. negatively) under $f$ if for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$ there exists $n$ such that $f^n(x) > t$ (resp. $f^n(x) < t$).
Let's say an element $x$ stays bounded under $f$ if it neither grows without bound positively nor negatively.

Then for the case of $\mathbb{R}$ with addition, only $0$ stays bounded under $+$, so there can be no order-preserving injection $\phi$ as above given that we have infinitely many elements which stay bounded under $f$.
Essentially this is using the additive structure of $\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}$ with the dictionary ordering as the order structure.
Added: If we don't require $\phi$ to be order-preserving, then additively $\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0} \subset \mathbb{Q} \times \mathbb{R} \cong \mathbb{R}$ as both are $\mathbb{Q}$ vector spaces of the same dimension, so there is a (necessarily non-order-preserving) $\phi$ for this example.

In general without the requirement that $\phi$ be order-preserving:
The commutative and associative properties of $f$ endow $X$ with the structure of a commutative monoid and the order property implies that it is cancellative and torsion-free (see Affine monoid on Wikipedia; not all of the properties on that page apply here as we are not in the finitely generated case).
Then the group of differences (see the article above again) of this monoid is a torsion-free commutative group in which it embeds. This then (see here) embeds in a $\mathbb{Q}$ vector space, which can be taken to be of cardinality at most $\mathbb{R}$, and thus embeds in $\mathbb{R}$ additively. The composition of these embeddings preserving the additive structure gives a map $\phi$ as in the question.
