Find the set of values of $a$ for which the inequality $(x-3a)(x-3-a)<0$ is satisfied for all $x$ in the interval $1\le x\le3$. Find the set of values of $a$ for which the inequality $(x-3a)(x-3-a)<0$ is satisfied for all $x$ in the interval $1\le x\le3$.

$$(x-3a)(x-3-a)<0\implies a+3<x<3a$$ and we are given that $1\le x\le3$.
So $a+3>1$ and $3a<3$ ,so $a\in (-2,1)$ but the answer given is $a\in(0,\frac{1}{3})$. 
 A: The function $f(x):=(x-3a)(x-3-a)$ has two zeros $3a$ and $3+a$ which coincide at ${9\over2}$ when $a={3\over2}$. Note that both zeros move to the right when $a$ is increasing. Since the coefficient of $x^2$ in $f$ is positive the function is negative between the two zeros. As we want it to be negative in the $x$-interval $[1,3]$ we obtain the condition
$$\min\{3a,3+a\}<1\qquad\wedge\qquad\max\{3a,3+a\}>3\ .\tag{1}$$
When $a\geq{3\over2}$ then both zeros are $\geq{9\over2}>3$, hence such values of $a$ are a priori forbidden. When $a<{3\over2}$ then $\min\{3a,3+a\}=3a$ and $\max\{3a,3+a\}=3+a$. The condition $(1)$ then translates into
$$3a<1\qquad\wedge\qquad3+a>3\ ,$$
which is fulfilled iff $0<a<{1\over3}$.
A: If $(x-3a)(x-3-a)<0$, think about the signs of $(x-3a)$ and $(x-3-a)$. One must be positive, the other must be negative, but they can be either way around. So you either have:
$$x < 3a, x > 3+a \quad \forall x \in [1,3]$$or
$$x > 3a, x < 3+a \quad \forall x \in [1,3]$$
You assumed the first case, but this cannot work. For $x<3a$, we require $3a>3 \Rightarrow a > 1$ because $x\le3$. For $x>3+a$ we require $3+a < 1 \Rightarrow a < -2$, because $x\ge1$. Thus we have a contradiction.
Can you work out the answer from the second case?
A: For each $x\in (1,3)$ we have a solution interval for $a$: $I_x = (x-3,x/3)$.
Now $a$ must be in each interval so it must be in their intersection and this is $(0,1/3)$.  
