# A proposition by the definition below has to be necessarily true.

In the book by Kenneth H.Rosen the definition is-

A proposition is a declarative sentence(that is a sentence which declares a FACT)which is either true or false but not both.

There are 2 facets to my doubt- 1.The word 'fact' in all its possible senses is something which is necessarily true,thus a proposition has to be true by definition. 2.what kind of sentence can be both true and false,the 'but not both' portion seems superfluous.

Could someone shed some light on this?I have gone through similar questions on here but they do not answer this exact question.

• Something that could be both true and false would be f.ex. saying takling about the rational numbers: $x>0$. Since i havend said anything more about $x$ it can be true, but it also can be false. Note that there is no quantor involved. – FeLix Jul 23 '17 at 8:22
• @FeLix that is not a valid example since it is not declarative. It is a scheme for producing propositions, i.e., once you choose a value for $x$ you obtain a proposition which may be true or false. But $x>0$ without further specification of the value of $x$ is not a proposition at all. – Ittay Weiss Jul 23 '17 at 9:15
• You are right, I made the mistake to ignore 'declarative' since it was eplained in a way that is, in my opinion, not clear(what does it mean it declares a fact?). – FeLix Jul 23 '17 at 9:41
• @DanielWainfleet but then we do not call it a sentence. It may be considered a formula. – Ittay Weiss Jul 23 '17 at 10:53
• E.g. "John hit his wife" is a claim of fact, even though it may not be true, whereas "Hitting one's wife is illegal" is not a claim of fact, even though it is (currently, in many countries) true. [If the court trying John decides that both of these claims are true -- one about fact, the other not -- John will be sent to prisons]. This distinction is fundamental in Anglo-American law, because facts must be determined by a jury (except when one of several exceptions applies) whereas law is settled by judges. – Henning Makholm Jul 23 '17 at 11:39

A statement that declares a fact is different than a statement which is a fact. For instance, I declare the fact that the earth is flat. That is a factual declaration. It is a false one.

I agree that it may be prone to particular individual interpretations of what it means to declare a fact. In any case, I suggest not to waste too much time on the word 'fact' here, and simply understand that a statement must be a factual declaration. Something that has a well-defined, and unique, truth value. For instance, "Mars has precisely one billion stones on its surface at the time of writing this answer" is a factual statement, it's either true or false, but we will never ever know its truth value. More mathematical examples include: There are infinitely many primes numbers (a true statement), there are infinitely many even prime numbers (a false statement), and there are infinitely many twin primes (a statement which we currently do not know if it's true or false).

Now, as for explicitly requiring that a statement only has one truth value, while it is not easy to come up with such situations, they do occur. For instance, the utterance "this statement is true" can consistently be assigned the truth value True and False at the same time. Its twin, the utterance "this statement is false" is a famous example of an innocent looking utterance that seems factual but can't be assigned any truth value at all. So, in propositional/predicate logic we simply banish such problematic utterances out of the language we use to talk about mathematics.

It should be noted though that the above is the case for what is known as classical logic or Aristotelean logic. There are other logical systems, notably paraconsistent logic, which allows for statements which are both true and false at the same time. However, the vast majority of mathematicians assume classical logic. Another branch of logic which is gaining ground, particularly in the context of computer science, is constructivism. It does not allow statement both true and false, but it also does not demand that each statement is either true or false, but rather more truth values are allowed.

• There are enough people who would disagree with the last sentence of your first paragraph :) – Hagen von Eitzen Jul 23 '17 at 15:55
• @HagenvonEitzen I completely agree with you, and I think the choice of using 'fact' in the text mentioned by OP is not pedagogically optimal - it is too loaded and too subjective. – Ittay Weiss Jul 23 '17 at 16:03

1.The word 'fact' in all its possible senses is something which is necessarily true,thus a proposition has to be true by definition.

• Its better to define 'fact' as any sentence which has a truth value, rather than one that is necessarily true.

The definition in Kenneth H.Rosen's book appears to treat the word this way. It refers to 'fact' as a sentence which is either true or false but not both.

On a side note, in logic the term 'sentence', usually refers to a formula which has a truth value. Its use here gives some indication to what has been said.

You are correct however, that if a 'fact' were defined as anything that is necessarily true, then given the definition from Kenneth H.Rosen's book, a proposition would have to be true.

2.what kind of sentence can be both true and false,the 'but not both' portion seems superfluous.

• In boolean logic, no sentence can be both true and false . So it is superfluous to say 'but not both' if you are already in the context of boolean logic.

However there exist other logics, which don't disallow propositions to be both true and false. Without context, the portion at the end is necessary to distinguish from these other logics. If the context has already been given, this portion may be there to open your mind to the possibility of a proposition having these properties.

Let's declare a fact:

1=2

This a declarative sentence, that is a sentence of which you ask whether it is true or false and in this case this fact is false.

This sentence:

$\textrm{Is } 1=2\textrm{?}$

is not declarative, that is it is a sentence that is not a fact. It does not make sense asking if the question "$\textrm{Is } 1=2\textrm{?}$" is true or false (it is a question, not the fact begin asked in the question; hope you can appreciate the difference).

$1 \textrm{ is much lower than }2$
if $x<1.5$ then $x$ is much lower than $2$
if $x>0.5$ then $x$ is not much lower than $2$