Finite field extension isomorphism (Algebra by Michael Artin) In Michael Artin states in his Algebra book chapter 13, paragraph 6, the following. Let $L$ be a finite field. Then $L$ contains a prime field $\mathbb{F}_{p}$. Now let us denote $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ by K. If the degree of the field extension $[L:K]=r$, then $L$ as a vector space over $K$ is isomorphic to $K^r$.
My three questions are:
1) Why are $L$ and $K^r$ isomorphic and what is the explicit isomorphism?
2) Over what space is $K^r$ a vector space?
3) Would this then imply that $[\mathbb{F}_{p^n}:\mathbb{F}_{p}]=n$ ?
Thanks a lot in advance!
 A: One common definition of $[L:K]$ is $\dim_K(L)$, the dimension of $L$ as a $K$-vector space. If that's the definition you're using, then the answer to your first question is
1) $[L : K] = r$ means by definition that $L \cong K^r$, since every vector space of dimension $r$ over $K$ is isomorphic to $K^r$ (in a highly non-unique way!). 
If $L$ is a principal extension, meaning that $L = K(\alpha)$ for some single element $\alpha \in L$, then this is the same as the degree of the minimal polynomial of $\alpha$ over $K$.  
In our case, since finite fields are separable extensions of the prime field $K = \mathbb{F}_p$, the primitive element theorem tells us that $L \cong K(\alpha)$ for some $\alpha$. Let
$$ m(x) = x^r + a_1x^{r-1} + \cdots + a_r $$
be the minimal polynomial of $\alpha$ over $K$. Then I claim that a canonical basis for $L$ over $K$ is given by the elements $1, \alpha, \alpha^2, \dots, \alpha^{r-1}$. Indeed, we know that these powers of $\alpha$ are linearly independent over $K$, since an equation of linear dependence (supposing the coefficient on $\alpha^{r-1}$ is nonzero, and so can be taken to be 1)
$$ \alpha^{r-1} + b_2 \alpha^{r-2} + \cdots + b_{r-1} = 0 \quad \text{ with $b_i \in K$}$$
gives a polynomial $P(x)$ (by replacing $\alpha$ with $x$) of smaller degree than $m(x)$ such that $P(\alpha) = 0$, contradicting that this was the minimal polynomial. On the other hand, since $m(\alpha) = 0$ we can re-write any polynomial in $\alpha$ of degree $\ge r$ in terms of $1, \dots, \alpha^{r-1}$ using the relation
$$ \alpha^r = -(a_1 \alpha^{r-1} + \dots + a_r), $$
coming from $m(\alpha) = 0$. 
We conclude that $1, \alpha, \dots, \alpha^{r-1}$ is a basis for $L$ over $K$ of size $r$. 
2) $K^r$ is a vector space over $K$.
3) Yes. 
Let me know if what I wrote is still confusing. I'm afraid I don't have a copy of Artin's  Algebra  nearby, so I can't check what the definition of $[L : K]$ he's using is. 
A: Good exercice. I hope I didn't introduce some unnecessary steps.

*

*Iteratively construct $\{\alpha_i\}_{i=1}^n$  such that $\{\sum_{i=1}^m  c_i\alpha_i, c_i \in\mathbb{F}_p\}$ is a set with $p^m$ elements (start with $m=1$, then $m=2, \ldots$). You automatically get that $$L = \{\sum_{i=1}^n c_i \alpha_i , c_i \in \mathbb{F}_p \}$$ is a $\mathbb{F}_p$ vector space with $p^n$ elements, which means by definition $[L:\mathbb{F}_p] = n$.


*Using that in characteristic $p$ : $$(\alpha+\beta)^{p^n} = \sum_{j=0}^{p^n} {p^n \choose i} \alpha^i \beta^{p^n-i} = \alpha^{p^n}+ \beta^{p^n}$$ we get that the roots of $X^{p^n}-X \in \mathbb{F}_p[X]$ form an integral domain and hence a field $K$ with $p^n$ elements.


*In particular for each $d | n$, $K$ contains the roots of $X^{p^d}-X$, ie. a subfield with $p^d$ elements. But this means the other elements $K$ not in those subfields have multiplicative order $p^n-1$. In particular we have $\alpha \in K$ of order $p^n-1$ which means that $$K = \mathbb{F}_p(\alpha)$$
As any algebraic element, $\alpha$ is defined by its minimal polynomial $f(X) \in \mathbb{F}_p[X]$, and we have the field isomorphisms $$\mathbb{F}_p(\alpha) \cong \mathbb{F}_p[X](f(X)) \cong \mathbb{F}_p(\alpha')$$ for any other root $\alpha'$ of $f$.


*$L$ is also a field with $p^n$ elements, its multiplicative group is a group with $p^n-1$ elements, ie. $X^{p^n}-X$ splits completely in $L$ and hence $ L$ contains a root $\alpha'$ of $f$. Qed. $$L = \mathbb{F}_p(\alpha') \cong K$$
That is to say all the finite fields with $p^n$ elements are isomorphic, and we denote it $\mathbb{F}_{p^n}$.
