If $G$ is a Lie Group, a representation of $G$ is a pair $(\rho,V)$ where $V$ is a vector space and $\rho : G\to GL(V)$ is a group homomorphism.
Similarly, if $\mathfrak{g}$ is a Lie Algebra, a representation of $\mathfrak{g}$ is a Lie Algebra homomorphism $\rho : \mathfrak{g}\to \mathfrak{gl}(V)$ to the Lie Algebra of endomorphisms.
Now, many Physics books treating Quantum Field Theory, immediately relate the representations of Lie Groups and Lie Algebras without citing the result being used nor explaining how is it used really.
This is quite common in order to find the representations of the Lorentz group $SO(1,3)$ in terms of elements of its Lie Algebra.
Now since physicists don't clear this in the books, I'm asking here. What is actually the relation between representations of Lie Groups and Lie Algebras that allows one to find the representations of the Lie Group in terms of the representations of the Lie Algebra?