Explicitly finding subfields using the Galois correspondence Consider $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8) / \mathbb{Q}$. I know that this has a Galois group isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2$. Therefore, our automorphisms better have the structure that they square to give the identity. Furthermore, let $\{\alpha_1, \alpha_2,\alpha_3,\alpha_4\} := \{\zeta_8, \zeta_8^3, \zeta_8^5,\zeta_8^7\}$ be an enumeration of the roots
This gives us the automorphisms
\begin{align*}
\sigma_1 = ID,\hspace{0.2cm}
\sigma_2: \begin{cases}
\alpha_1 \mapsto \alpha_2\\
\alpha_2 \mapsto \alpha_1\\
\alpha_3 \mapsto \alpha_4\\
\alpha_4 \mapsto \alpha_3
\end{cases}
\sigma_3: \begin{cases}
\alpha_1 \mapsto \alpha_1\\
\alpha_2 \mapsto \alpha_2\\
\alpha_3 \mapsto \alpha_4\\
\alpha_4 \mapsto \alpha_3
\end{cases}
\sigma_4: \begin{cases}
\alpha_1 \mapsto \alpha_2\\
\alpha_2 \mapsto \alpha_1\\
\alpha_3 \mapsto \alpha_3\\
\alpha_4 \mapsto \alpha_4
\end{cases}
\end{align*}
We have found the correct automorphisms since they square to give the identity, preserving the structure of the Klein four group.
The next thing I want to know is the fixed fields corresponding to subgroups of the Galois group. As far as I know, there are 3 non-trivial subgroups 
\begin{align*}
H_1=\langle\sigma_2\rangle,\hspace{0.2cm}
H_2=\langle\sigma_3\rangle,\hspace{0.2cm}
H_3=\langle\sigma_4\rangle
\end{align*}
Which infact are all isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}/2$.
As far as I know finding these fixed fields means taking the extension field $E:= \mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8)$ and running the permutations over elements in it and checking if they're preserved. The only ones which stick out are the sums in each permutation. These are the elements
\begin{align*}
E^{H_1} &= \{\alpha \in E \hspace{0.2cm}\mid\sigma\alpha = \alpha \hspace{0.2cm}\forall\sigma\in H_1\}\\
&= \mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8 + \zeta_8^3, \zeta_8^5 + \zeta_8^7)
\end{align*}
And I gather that for $H_2$, $H_3$ the process is similar. These fixed fields are the elements in bijection with the subgroups of the Galois group. 
My questions are, have I fully determined the fixed field? How do I know? More over, does this reduce and give us something more familiar? 
Thanks!
EDIT: Due to the help of several posters below, I was able to determine that the automorphisms are actually given by 
\begin{align*}
\sigma_1 = ID,\hspace{0.2cm}
\sigma_2: \zeta_8^k \mapsto (\zeta_8^3)^k,\hspace{0.2cm}
\sigma_3: \zeta_8^k \mapsto (\zeta_8^5)^k,\hspace{0.2cm}
\sigma_3: \zeta_8^k \mapsto (\zeta_8^7)^k
\end{align*}
Furthermore that the subgroups of the Galois group are still given as above.
And the fixed fields 
\begin{align*}
\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8)^{H_1} &= \mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8 + \zeta_8^3, \zeta_8^5 + \zeta_8^7) = \mathbb{Q}(i\sqrt{2})\\
\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8)^{H_2} &= \mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8 + \zeta_8^5, \zeta_8^5 + \zeta_8^7) = \mathbb{Q}\\
\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8)^{H_3} &= \mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8 + \zeta_8^7, \zeta_8^3 + \zeta_8^5) = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})\\
\end{align*}
These were found by actually drawing the 8 roots of unity in the complex plane and using the fact that $$\zeta_8 = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + i \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$$
 A: These are not the correct automorphisms. Instead they should be $$\sigma_1 = \mathrm{id}, \; \; \sigma_2 : \zeta^k \mapsto \zeta^{3k}, \; \; \sigma_3 : \zeta^k \mapsto \zeta^{5k}, \; \; \sigma_4 : \zeta^k \mapsto \zeta^{7k}.$$
For any subfield $K \subseteq \mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8)$, the trace $$\mathrm{Tr} : \alpha \mapsto \sum_{\sigma \in \mathrm{Gal}(\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8) / K)} \sigma(\alpha)$$ is a surjective linear map. In particular, if you choose a vector space basis of $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_8)$ and apply $\mathrm{Tr}$, you will get a $\mathbb{Q}$-basis of $K$ (which in particular generates $K$ as a field.) This seems to be more or less what you are doing anyway.
For example, the fixed field of $\sigma_2$ is $$K = \mathbb{Q}\Big( 1 + \sigma(1), \zeta + \sigma(\zeta), \zeta^2 + \sigma(\zeta^2),..., \zeta^7 + \sigma(\zeta^7) \Big).$$ It is not hard to see that $\zeta + \sigma(\zeta)$ already generates $K$ as a field, since $[K: \mathbb{Q}] = 2.$
A: You might note that the minimal polynomial of $\zeta_8$ (over $\Bbb Q$) is:
$\Phi_8(x) = \dfrac{x^8 - 1}{\Phi_4(x)\Phi_2(x)\Phi_1(x)} =  x^4 + 1$,
that is, the roots are primitive eighth roots of unity.
Note that the eighth roots of unity form a (multiplicative) cyclic group of order $8$, and the primitive roots correspond to the units of $\Bbb Z_8$. It follows that any automorphism of $\Bbb Q(\zeta_8)$ preserving $\Bbb Q$ must correspond to an automorphism of $\Bbb Z_8$, so:
$\text{Gal}(\Bbb Q(\zeta_8)/\Bbb Q)$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of $\text{Aut}(\Bbb Z_8) \cong U(8) \cong \Bbb Z_2 \times \Bbb Z_2$.
If you know as well, that $\Phi_8(x)$ is irreducible over $\Bbb Q$ (a non-trivial fact, but not that hard to show in this case), then we know that:
$|\text{Gal}(\Bbb Q(\zeta_8)/\Bbb Q)| = 4$, so this is isomorphic to $\Bbb Z_2 \times \Bbb Z_2$.
As these roots of $x^4 + 1$ are all complex, we know that complex-conjugation is one of our automorphisms, which then has a fixed field which is a sub-field of the reals, which is algebraic of degree $2$.
It might also be helpful to know an explicit form for $\zeta_8$, namely:
$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + i\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$.
I leave it to you to show that $\Bbb Q(\zeta_8) = \Bbb Q(\sqrt{2},i)$, one inclusion is obvious. This shows that $\Bbb Q(\sqrt{2})$ is a subfield of $\Bbb Q(\zeta_8)$, and it corresponds to (is the fixed field of) the automorphism:
$\zeta_8 \mapsto (\zeta_8)^7$ (this is just the automorphism $g \mapsto g^{-1}$ that every abelian group has).
There are two other non-trivial automorphisms:
$\zeta_8 \mapsto (\zeta_8)^3\\
\zeta_8 \mapsto (\zeta_8)^5.$
In your terms, these are the automorphisms:
$\alpha_1 \mapsto \alpha_2\\
\alpha_2 \mapsto \alpha_1\\
\alpha_3 \mapsto \alpha_4\\
\alpha_4 \mapsto \alpha_3$
and
$\alpha_1 \mapsto \alpha_3\\
\alpha_2 \mapsto \alpha_4\\
\alpha_3 \mapsto \alpha_1\\
\alpha_4 \mapsto \alpha_2.$
You may find it rewarding to show that the latter automorphism fixes $\Bbb Q(\zeta_8 + (\zeta_8)^3) = \Bbb Q(i\sqrt{2})$, and the former fixes $\Bbb Q((\zeta_8)^3(\zeta_8)^7) = \Bbb Q(i)$.
