Scalar of a projection and reflection matrix proof Show that there is a scalar $c$ (depending on $n$) for which $cJ_n$ is a projection matrix. ($J_n$ is the $n×n$ matrix of all 1’s.) Then, for that same $c$, show that $R = 2cJ_n − I$ is a reﬂection matrix. 
So far, all I have found is that a projection matrix is any $n×n$ matrix $P$ for which $P_2$ = $P$. A reﬂection matrix is any matrix $R$ with the property that $R_2$ = $I$, and I am unsure on how to incorporate that. 
 A: First we find what $c$ we need to have a projection. Notice that $$(c J_n) =  \begin{bmatrix}c & ... & c \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ c & .. & c \end{bmatrix},$$
so $$(cJ_n)^2 = \begin{bmatrix}c & ... & c \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ c & .. & c \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}c & ... & c \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ c & .. & c \end{bmatrix} = 
\begin{bmatrix} nc^2 & ... & nc^2 \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ nc^2 & .. & nc^2 \end{bmatrix},$$
so you need $c = nc^2$, hence $c = 1/n$ works. 
Now we have to check that we can form a reflection matrix. I will get you started. We have 
$$
R = 2(c J_n) - I = \begin{bmatrix}2/n - 1 & ... & 2/n \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ 2/n & .. & 2/n-1 \end{bmatrix},
$$
so 
$$ 
R^2 = \begin{bmatrix}2/n - 1 & ... & 2/n \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ 2/n & .. & 2/n-1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}2/n - 1 & ... & 2/n \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ 2/n & .. & 2/n-1 \end{bmatrix} = 
\begin{bmatrix} & ... &  \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\  & .. &  \end{bmatrix}.
$$
Now fill in the blanks.
EDIT: Big caveat, note that we excluded the $c = 0$ case by doing division. It turns out that choosing $c = 0$ gives you what you want immediately, but you probably don't want this uninteresting case.
