Find all increasing idempotent functions on $\mathbb{R}$ Let $f: \Bbb R \to \Bbb R$ be an increasing function such that $f \circ f=f$, where $\circ$ denotes the composition of two functions. Find $f$.
 A: Let's suppose you mean non-strictly increasing, since the other two answers have the strict case sewn up.
This permits the example of constant functions, since after all they are non-strictly monotonic, and $f \circ g = f$, regardless of $g$.
Does it permit anything else?
Well, suppose we're only piecewise constant. Then we require that each of $f$'s constant values are a fixed point of $f$, by idempotence, so we might imagine the class of functions which are piecewise constant and such that every "piece" intersects the line $f(x) = x$ on the graph.
Indeed, let's suppose, without loss of generality, that $x \le f(x)$. Then for all $y$ between the two, we have:
\[\begin{array}{rrrcll}
& x &\le& y &\le& f(x) & \\
\implies & f(x) &\le& f(y) &\le& f(f(x)) & \text{by monotonicity} \\
\implies & f(x) &\le& f(y) &\le& f(x) & \text{by idempotence} \\
\implies & f(x) &=& f(y)
\end{array}\]
Thus, every $x$ with $x \not= f(x)$ has $f$ constant on the closed interval between them, and so:
Any such $f$ is the identity function, interrupted by up to countably many (open or closed or half-open) intervals on which it is instead constant, taking a value which falls inside that interval.
(Countably many because you can't interrupt a function by uncountably many disjoint intervals, since they each contain a rational).
A perhaps more familiar example of such a thing is the integer part (or floor) function.
A: Because $f$ is increasing it is also an injection, we have $f(f(x)) = f(x)$ for all $x$ which implies $f(x) = x$ for all $x$ therefore the only solution is the identity and it is easy to see that the identity is indeed a solution.
A: Supposing that you mean strictly increasing :
$ f \circ f=f \Leftrightarrow f(f(x)) = f(x)$
But $f: \Bbb R \to \Bbb R$ is a strictly increasing function, which means it is $"1-1"$ as well. So, we got : 
$f(f(x)) = f(x) \Leftrightarrow f(x) = x$ which is an increasing function $\Bbb R \to \Bbb R$
A: Some solutions :


*

*$x\mapsto x$

*$x\mapsto 4$

*$x\mapsto x$ if $x\in \mathbb{R}_+$, $x\mapsto -1$ otherwise


Consider some $a\in\mathbb{R}$. You have three cases :


*

*$f(a)=a$

*$f(a)<a$

*$f(a)>a$


If $f(a)>a$ then for all $x \in [a;f(a)]$ :  $f(a)\leq f(x)\leq f(f(a))$. That is $f(a)\leq f(x)\leq f(a)$. Thus $f$ is a constant on $[a;f(a)]$. Same when $f(a)<a$ : $f$ is constant on $[f(a);a]$.
As a result every point $a$ is such that $f(a)=a$ or $a$ is in an interval with non zero width where $f$ is a constant.
$\mathbb{R}=A\cup \bigcup_{c\in C} f^{-1}(c)$
where $A$ is the set of points $a$ such as $f(a)=a$ (fixed points) and for all $c\in C$, $f^{-1}(c)$ is an interval with non zero width. Since these intervals are obviously disjoint, C is at most countable. Finally, the argument above proves that $c\in f^{-1}(c)$.
Solutions are the functions such as:


*

*$f$ is the identity function

*except on the union of (at most) countably many disjoint intervals $I$ with non zero width where $f$ is a constant on $I$, this constant belonging to $I$.

