Multiplicative norm on $\mathbb{R}[X]$. How to prove that : there is no function $N\colon \mathbb{R}[X] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, such that : $N$ is a norm of $\mathbb{R}$-vector space and $N(PQ)=N(P)N(Q)$ for all $P,Q \in \mathbb{R}[X]$.
Once, my teacher asked if there is a multipicative norm on $\mathbb{R}[X]$, and one of my classmate proved that there was none. But I can't remember the proof (all I remember is that he was using integration somewhere...).
 A: Using the article Absolute-Valued Algebras mentioned by commenter, a proof would look like this.
Firstly, recall

Lemma If $ (E,\| \cdot \|) $ is a normed $ \mathbb{R} $-vector space such that $ \| x + y \|^{2} + \| x - y \|^{2} \geq 4 \| x \| \| y \| $ holds for all $ x,y \in E $, then the norm $ \| \cdot \| $ is induced by some inner product $ \langle \cdot,\cdot \rangle $ on $ E $.

Note Anyone who has a link to a proof of the lemma above is warmly welcome.
Suppose that $ \| \cdot \| $ is a multiplicative norm on $ \mathbb{R}[X] $. Then for any $ x,y \in \mathbb{R}[X] $, we have
\begin{align}
      \| x + y \|^{2} + \| x - y \|^{2}
&=    \| (x + y)^{2} \| + \| (x - y)^{2} \| \quad (\text{By the multiplicativity of $ \| \cdot \| $.}) \\
&\geq \| (x + y)^{2} - (x - y)^{2} \| \quad (\text{By the Triangle Inequality.}) \\
&=    \| 4xy \| \\
&=    4 \| x \| \| y \|. \quad (\text{By the multiplicativity of $ \| \cdot \| $.})
\end{align}
The lemma now says that $ \| \cdot \| $ is induced by some inner product $ \langle \cdot,\cdot \rangle $ on $ \mathbb{R}[X] $.
By applying the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure to the linearly independent set $ \{ 1,X \} $, we obtain a non-zero $ a \in \mathbb{R}[X] $ that is orthogonal to $ 1 $ (namely, $ a = X - \frac{\langle 1,X \rangle}{\langle 1,1 \rangle} \cdot 1 $). Then
\begin{align}
   \| 1 - a^{2} \|
&= \| (1 - a)(1 + a) \| \\
&= \| 1 - a \| \| 1 + a \| \quad (\text{By the multiplicativity of $ \| \cdot \| $.}) \\
&= \| 1 - a \|^{2} \quad (\text{By orthogonality, $ \| 1 + a \| = \| 1 - a \| $.}) \\
&= \langle 1 - a,1 - a \rangle \\
&= \| 1 \|^{2} + \| a \|^{2} - 2 \langle 1,a \rangle \\
&= \| 1 \|^{2} + \| a \|^{2} \quad (\text{By orthogonality once again.}) \\
&= \| 1 \| + \| a^{2} \| \quad (\text{By the multiplicativity of $ \| \cdot \| $.}) \\
&= \| 1 \| + \| - a^{2} \|.
\end{align}
In summary, $ \| 1 - a^{2} \| = \| 1 \| + \| - a^{2} \| $ holds. Squaring both sides of this equation gives us
\begin{align}
\| 1 - a^{2} \|^{2} &= (\| 1 \| + \| - a^{2} \|)^{2}, \\
\langle 1 - a^{2},1 - a^{2} \rangle &= \| 1 \|^{2} + \| - a^{2} \|^{2} + 2 \| 1 \| \| - a^{2} \|, \\
\| 1 \|^{2} + \| - a^{2} \|^{2} + 2 \langle 1,- a^{2} \rangle &= \| 1 \|^{2} + \| - a^{2} \|^{2} + 2 \| 1 \| \| - a^{2} \|, \\
\langle 1,- a^{2} \rangle &= \| 1 \| \| - a^{2} \|.
\end{align}
Hence, we get equality when we apply the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality to the vectors $ 1 $ and $ - a^{2} $. Equality holds if and only if both $ 1 $ and $ - a^{2} $ lie in the same $ 1 $-dimensional subspace of $ \mathbb{R}[X] $; as $ 1,- a^{2} \neq 0 $, this says that both are non-zero scalar multiples of each other. However, $ \langle 1,- a^{2} \rangle = \| 1 \| \| - a^{2} \| > 0 $, so more precisely, $ 1 $ and $ - a^{2} $ are positive scalar multiples of each other. We therefore obtain $ a^{2} \in \mathbb{R}_{<0} $, which is a contradiction. ////
Conclusion There can be no multiplicative norm on $ \mathbb{R}[X] $.
A: This question (and much more) is settled by the Gelfand–Mazur theorem for normed algebras over the ground field $\mathbb{F} \in \{\mathbb{R},\mathbb{C}\}$. For our purposes, let us say that an algebra over a field $\mathbb{F}$ is a vector space over $\mathbb{F}$ which is at the same time a ring (with unit).¹ Furthermore, a normed algebra is an algebra over $\mathbb{F} \in \{\mathbb{R},\mathbb{C}\}$ equipped with a vector space norm which is submultiplicative ($\lVert ab\rVert \leq \lVert a\rVert\lVert b\rVert$). Finally, a division algebra is a non-zero algebra with unit in which every non-zero element is invertible.
(¹: Normed algebras are not usually assumed to have a unit in the literature, but in the context of the Gelfand–Mazur theorem we will need a unit anyway.)
We use the following version of the Gelfand–Mazur theorem:

Theorem (Gelfand–Mazur). Let $A$ be a real normed division algebra. Then $A$ is isomorphic with $\mathbb{R}$, $\mathbb{C}$, or the algebra of quaternions $\mathbb{H}$.
For a proof, see theorem 14.7 in [F.F. Bonsall, J. Duncan, Complete Normed Algebras, Springer–Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1973].

In order to apply the above theorem to the question at hand, note that we can extend any multiplicative norm $N$ on $\mathbb{R}[X]$ to a multiplicative vector space norm $N' : \mathbb{R}(X) \to \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}$, where $\mathbb{R}(X)$ denotes the field of rational functions over $\mathbb{R}$. This is done by defining
$$ N'\left(\frac{f(X)}{g(X)}\right) \: := \: \frac{N(f(X))}{N(g(X))}. $$
It is not very hard to prove that $N'$ is well defined, multiplicative, and a vector space norm (use that $N$ is multiplicative). But now $\mathbb{R}(X)$ would be an infinite-dimensional normed division algebra, which is impossible by the Gelfand–Mazur theorem. We conclude that there is no multiplicative norm on $\mathbb{R}[X]$.

More generally, a slight modification of this argument shows that there does not exist a multiplicative norm on any non-zero $\mathbb{R}$-algebra $A$ satisfying both of the following properties:


*

*$A$ is a commutative ring with unit;

*$A$ is not isomorphic with $\mathbb{R}$ or $\mathbb{C}$.


Proof. If $A$ has non-trivial zero divisors ($a,b\neq 0$, $ab = 0$), then there is no hope of defining a multiplicative norm on $A$, for any norm on $A$ satisfies $\lVert ab\rVert = 0$ but $\lVert a\rVert \lVert b\rVert \neq 0$. So assume that $A$ is an integral domain. We distinguish two cases:


*

*If $A$ is finite-dimensional, then we know from abstract algebra that $A$ is a field. But then $A$ is a finite field extension of $\mathbb{R}$, so it must be isomorphic with $\mathbb{R}$ or $\mathbb{C}$, contrary to our assumption.

*If $A$ is infinte-dimensional, then we use the argument from before. Any multiplicative norm on $A$ extends to a multiplicative norm on $\text{Frac}(A)$, the field of fractions of $A$. Furthermore, the natural map $A \to \text{Frac}(A)$, $a \mapsto \frac{a}{1}$ is injective and $\mathbb{R}$-linear, so we find that $\text{Frac}(A)$ is infinite-dimensional as well. Again it follows from the Gelfand–Mazur theorem that there does not exist a multiplicative norm on $\text{Frac}(A)$, so we conclude that does not exist a multiplicative norm on $A$ either. $\quad\Box$



The result might even extend to the non-commutative case (with the added assumption that $A$ is not isomorphic with $\mathbb{H}$), since the Gelfand–Mazur theorem does not assume commutativity. However, I'm not too well acquainted with “division rings of fractions” in the non-commutative setting, and I hear that their theory features more than a few subtleties.

Despite these more general results, I can't help but feel that there must be a more elementary proof for the special case $A = \mathbb{R}[X]$ from the original question...
