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This question was inspired by this question. It is clear that all abelian groups satisfy this property (let us call it the K-property). Also if two groups $G$ and $H$ satisfy the K-property then so does $G \times H$. All dihedral groups also possess this property, as do the symmetric groups $S_3, S_4,$ and $S_5$. From $S_6$ on this is not the case anymore. An interesting note is that if $G$ has the $K$-property then $G/K$ is the direct product of copies of $C_2$. So candidates are to be sought among the extensions of such direct products but with what? Some simple groups work like $C_2 \ltimes PSL(3,2)$, produced with the automorphism of matrices $(M^T)^{-1}$. Is there a way to classify those groups?

Edit

Thanks to a comment from j.p. we can add the groups of odd order to the list. Moreover they possess the stronger property that $K = G$. Indeed, let $x \in G$ then $x$ has odd order $p$ so we have for $y = x^{\frac{p+1}{2}}$ that $y^2 = x$.

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  • $\begingroup$ Here is a discussion of the question for the symmetric groups. $\endgroup$
    – lulu
    Commented Apr 7, 2017 at 16:41
  • $\begingroup$ I didn't notice that question, but I found out that for $n \geq 6$ there are elements of $A_n$ that are no squares because even squares have cycle decompositions that include cycles of identical length. I didn't mention that because I did not want to make the question too complicated. $\endgroup$
    – Marc Bogaerts
    Commented Apr 7, 2017 at 16:50
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    $\begingroup$ Probably it was too obvious for you to mention, but you could anyway write that it holds for groups of odd order. $\endgroup$
    – j.p.
    Commented Apr 7, 2017 at 17:44
  • $\begingroup$ I intuitively thought that a possibility but I feared there were counterexamples. Thanks anyway, I edited the question accordingly. $\endgroup$
    – Marc Bogaerts
    Commented Apr 7, 2017 at 18:01

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