What is the formula for the distance between the centroid of an equilateral triangle and a point on, it at a given angle? Suppose you have an equilateral triangle with each side of length $x$ , and its centroid $c$.
Given an angle $\theta$, what would the distance be of a line extending out from $c$ at angle $\theta$ to where it intersects with a line on the triangle?
Or in my horrible (not-to-scale) paint drawing, what is the length of the blue line for any given $\theta$?

 A: Here's a rough picture ..

I have a way.....If the black line from centroid is parallel to one side  then its length is $\frac{x}{3}$ and the angle between black line and side is $60^\circ$ 
So, if we are given an angle $\theta$ ((except angles at which $\sin(60^\circ+\theta)=0$ then the segment is simply $\frac x3$ ))
The segment length required $(y)$ is (By Law of Sines)
$$\frac{\sin(120^\circ-\theta)}{\frac{x}{3}}=\frac{\sin(60^\circ)}{y}$$
SO
$$y=\frac{x\sqrt3 }{6\sin(120^\circ-\theta)} $$
EDIT: This works as long as angle remains $60^\circ$..After that..One has to change reference line...But the same approach works
A: I used your fig. Minimum distance  $p = \dfrac{x}{2 \sqrt3}$ by $ 30^0, 60^0$ right triangle trig proportioning. The required distance
$$ r = p \sec ( \theta - \pi/6) $$
which is polar coordinate equation of a straight line.
Subtract  $120^0= 2 \pi/3,\,240^0 = 4 \pi/3$ for other sides if you wish to include other two sides ( clockwise).

A: Let $D=x\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{6}$ be the distance from the center to any of the sides.
Here is a two-steps definition of what is called a "polar equation" of the equilateral triangle:
$$\tag{1}r(\theta):=\dfrac{1}{\max[\frac12, \cos(\theta)]}$$
$$\tag{2}y(\theta):= D*\min\left[r\left(\theta\right), r\left(\theta + 2 \tfrac{\pi}{3}\right), r\left(\theta + 4\tfrac{\pi}{3}\right)\right]$$
Here is a Mathematica script that generates the (polar) curves of $r$ and $y$:
r[t_] := 1/Max[1/2, Cos[t]]

y[t_] := Min[r[t], r[t + 2 Pi/3], r[t + 4 Pi/3]]

ParametricPlot[{r[t]*Cos[t], r[t]*Sin[t]}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}]

ParametricPlot[{y[t]*Cos[t], y[t]*Sin[t]}, {t, 0, 2 Pi}]

with output the graphics at the bottom.
Explanation : We have taken $D=1$. The first graphics is the border of a truncated disk with radius 2 ; when this figure undergoes a first rotation of 120°, then 240°, the intersection of the resulting 3 trucated disks, algebraicaly "rendered" by the "min" operation, is an equilateral triangle.
Remark: as your triangle is oriented, you will need of course a $\tfrac{\pi}{6}=30°$ supplementary rotation.

