Why is intersection of two independent set probability a multiplication process?

Question

Why is the probability of intersection of two independent sets $A$ and $B$, a multiplication of their respective probabilities i.e. Why is $$\mathbb{P}(A \cap B) = \mathbb{P}(A) \cdot \mathbb{P}(B)?$$

this question is about the intuition behind the definition of independence of sets in a probability space

Answer 1

The fact that the probability of the intersection of independent events $A$ and $B$ is the product of their probabilities is actually the definition of independent events.

Answer 2

If

• half the slices of a pizza have anchovies ($P(A)=\frac12$), and
• you take a third of the slices of pizza ($P(B)=\frac13$) independently of whether they have anchovies, then
• the anchovy slices that you have are one-sixth of all the slices of pizza ($P(A\cap B) = \frac16$).

This is because if your taking of slices is truly independent of their having anchovies, then

• you will take a third of the anchovy slices ($P(A\cap B) = \frac13 P(A)$) and a third of the non-anchovy slices;

• equivalently, half the slices you have will have anchovies ($P(A\cap B) = \frac12 P(B)$) and half will not.

Answer 3

Let A,B be two events. We say that A and B are independent of each other iff:

• $\mathbb{P}(A \cap B) = \mathbb{P}(A) \cdot \mathbb{P}(B)$

Now, note that A and B are independent of each other if and only if $\mathbb{P}(A|B) = \mathbb{P}(A)$. In other words, A and B are independent of each other if and only if the realization of one of the events does not affect the conditional probability of the other. Assume that we perform two random experiments independent of each other, meaning that the two experiments do not interact. That is, the experiments have no in influence on each other. Let A denote an event related to the first experiment, and let B denote an event related to the second experiment. We can see that in this situation the equation $\mathbb{P}(A \cap B) = \mathbb{P}(A) \cdot \mathbb{P}(B)$ must hold in order for it to be independent. Thus, we have that A and B are independent if and only if it satisfies the above definition.

There are also many other cases where events related to a same experiment are independent, in the sense of the above definition. For example for a fair die, the events A = {1,2} and B = {2, 4, 6} are independent. Lets also say if two disjoint events intersection/union probability is equal to zero, in this case you will know they are dependent of one another because then if one event occurs the other doesn't hence dependency. There can also be more than two independent events at a time.

Here read this, hopefully it will make more sense http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability.

Answer 4

Perhaps, one way of looking at it is the fact that intersection means to add conditions. In that sense, for every individual satisfying the condition A you have to compute how many satisfy condition B, thus the multiplication issue. Note that satisfying two conditions is scarcer than satisfying just one, so the "weight" of individuals satisfying both conditions respect the whole population must be less than the weight of the ones satisfying just one condition. Then, given the fact that probabilities are less than or equal one, multiplication seems a reasonable way of describing the process.

I know it is not the same in a formal sense, but is like saying for every row, compute how many columns, then you get the total number of pieces.

Answer 5

A proof is not necessary here, since this is a definition. If you want to understand this definition, consider an example.

Observe all the girls of a small town. There are 1000 girls: 100 of them has a dog and 250 of them are blonde.

So now what is the probability of "a girl is blonde and has a dog" ? We assume here that the fact a girl is blonde is irrelevant to know if she has a dog or not. In term of probability, the events A "a girl is blonde" and B "a girl has a dog" are assumed independent. So, the 250 blond girls are just a subset of the 1000 girls. Since each one of them has the same probability to have a dog than every other girl (blonde or not) we can think that around 25 blond girls has a dog.

In term of probability, $p(A \cap B) = 0.025 = 0.1 \times \frac{250}{1000}= p(A)p(B)$. Et voila !

Like diimension explains, we can also said that $p(B|A) = p(B)$.

Answer 6

hold two transparent sheets (A and B) on top of each other with an overlapping area C .
when we say intersection of A and B (sheet A independent of sheet B) it means from every 'unique' part of sheet A ,overlapped by sheet B (CA) we can draw a 'unique' line to every part of sheet B ,over lapped by sheet A (CB). ...same goes when you say 5 * 6 you mean for every part of 5 there is all parts of 6

Answer 7

in case of finding the intersection that both the events has occurred i.e. event A has occurred and then event B given A has already occurred will come into picture i.e. P(A ∩ B) = P(A) * P(B|A) but in case of independent sets probability of b given a has already occurred will result in P(B|A)=P(B) only, as B is independent of occurrence of A that's why P(A ∩ B) = P(A) * P(B) in case of independent events.

Answer 8

The sample space of independent events to occur will be the Cartesian product of their individual sample space and expected event will also be the Cartesian product of their possible outcomes. Let m, n = cardinality of sample spaces and o1 , o2 be the cardinality of possible outcomes. Thus their probability of occurance will be (o1×o2)÷(m×n) and can be arranged as ( o1÷m) ×(o2÷n) i.e. p1×p2.

Answer 9

You might have already understood the intuition behind it. But here is my view on it.

Conditional Probability: Probability of an event A given that event B happens. That is, Probability of A given B represented as $$P(A|B)= \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}$$

There lies the subtle idea in the definition of this. Given that event B happened, our sample space got reduced to "number of favourable outcomes for B". Now, we need to find the outcomes in which both A and B occurs given B occurs definitely i.e.,

$$P(A|B)= \frac{\text{Favourable outcomes for the occurrence of both $A$ and $B$}}{\text{Favourable outcomes for $B$}}$$ $$= \frac{\large \frac{\text{Favourable outcomes for the occurrence of both $A$ and $B$}}{\text{All possible outcomes}}}{\large \frac{\text{Favourable outcomes for $B$}}{\text{All possible outcomes}}}$$ $$= \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}$$

Now, if A and B are independent events, then there is no way B affects A. So, probability of occurrence of A does't change with respect to B, which means

$$P(A|B)=P(A)$$

Combining above two equations we have

$$\frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)} = P(A) \Rightarrow P(A \cap B) = P(A)\times P(B) $$

Answer 10

before I give the proof---lemme me mention about conditional probability---.(..if you already know skip this para) its represented by P(E/F) it means-->Probability of event E given Event F has already occurred. Now if F has occurred the sample space of even E will 'reduce' or get limited to outcomes of F. eg: While tossing a die... 1,2,3,4,5,6 is the sample space. now if event of getting an even number has already occurred then find the probability of getting 2---- since the number on the die is surely an even no: the sample space reduces to 2,4,6 ...so P(E/F)=p(E[intersection)F)/P(F) ; {we take intersection....cuz we need only what is common in both the events ..because event F surely has occurred)

Now here is the proof.... for independent events E and F ....whether event E has occurred or not --it doesn't depend on event F So p(E/F)=p(e[intersn]F)/p(F)=p(E) ===>> p(E[intersc]F)=p(E)*p(F) for independant events

it doesn't simply come from the definition ...see there's the proof!!