Landau Notation Properties I would like to take the limit $x\to 0$ and prove or disprove the following statements concerning Landau notation.
(a) $O(x^{3/2})\subset o(x)\subset O(x^{1/2})$
(b) $(1+O(x))^2=1+O(x^2)$
I know the deifiniton of the O-notation and also what it means but i have no idea how to show these kinds of inequalities.
I would appreciate it if somebody can help me. 
 A: The expressions "$f(x)=O(x)$" or "$f(x) = o(x)$" in Landau notation really mean that the function $f$ belongs to a class of functions, so strictly speaking it would be more correct to write $f \in O(x)$ and $f\in o(x)$. However, the traditional notation is the standard, so we all have to live with it. Proving these, you have to remember that you are proving set inclusions or equalities, so you have to proceed like for those.
(a) If $f(x) = O(x^{3/2})$, then $|f(x)| \le M|x|^{3/2} = (M|x|^{1/2}) |x|$ near $0$, and since $M|x|^{1/2} \to 0$ as $x\to 0$, this shows $f \in o(x)$. If you want to show strict inclusion, see that $x^{4/3} = o(x)$, but $x^{4/3} \neq O(x^{3/2})$.
Now if $f(x) = o(x)$, then $|f(x)| \le \epsilon(x) |x| = (\epsilon(x) |x|^{1/2}) |x|^{1/2}$ with $\lim\limits_{\epsilon \to 0} \epsilon(x) = 0$, so $\lim\limits_{\epsilon\to 0} \epsilon(x) |x|^{1/2} = 0$, implying that $f(x) = o(x^{1/2})$. Since $o(x^{1/2}) \subset O(x^{1/2})$ (every convergent function is locally bounded), this implies that $f(x) \in O(x^{1/2})$. Again for the strict inclusion pick a function $x^{\alpha}$ with $1/2 < \alpha < 1$.
(b) This is not true, as you can see from the simple example $f(x) = (1+x)^2 = 1+2x+x^2$. (Always test these first, i.e., just replace the $O(g(x))$ by $g(x)$ and see if the statement is true.) Obviously $(1+x)^2 = (1+O(x))^2$, but if we had $f(x) = 1+O(x^2)$, then $f(x)-1 = O(x^2)$, so $\frac{(1+x)^2 - 1}{x^2} = \frac{x+x^2}{x^2} = \frac{1}{x}+1$ would have to be bounded in a neighborhood of $0$, which it is not.
