How is it that the required sample size for a specified error and confidence is not dependent on population size? When calculating confidence intervals for population parameters, the population size is never a factor, rather sample size and the estimated parameter are used.
It seems to me very counter-intuitive that to assert with a certain confidence that a certain view has certain probability, one requires the same sample size  regardless of whether the population is 2K persons or 2M persons.
Why is the confidence of estimated parameters of normal distributions independent of the population size?
 A: This is an approximation. It's inherent in this entire approach that the population is regarded as effectively infinite. Thus, samples from it are not regarded as samples from a finite number of individuals, which would imply a discrete distribution, but as samples from a continuous distribution that idealizes the actual population. For instance, whereas the actual distribution of heights of humans in the world is a discrete distribution that probably looks somewhat similar to a Gaussian distribution when viewed from afar, the approach replaces this by a continuous distribution, in this case perhaps a Gaussian distribution. Instead of regarding this as an approximation, one could also take the view that the population itself is just a big sample from a more abstract distribution, something like "how the heights of people with this particular genetic mix would be distributed if infinitely many of them were born", or "how the political views of people exposed to these particular circumstances and these particular ads would be distributed if there were infinitely many of them". 
A: Your intuition is correct.

Some formulas used to compute standard errors are based on the idea
  that (1) samples are selected from an infinite population or (2)
  samples are selected with replacement. In most actual surveys, neither
  of these ideas are correct.
This does not present much of a problem when the sample size (n) is
  small relative to the population size (N); that is, when the sample is
  less than 5% of the population. However, when the sample is larger, it
  is best to apply a correction to the formulas used to compute standard
  error (SE). This correction is called the finite population correction
  or fpc.
Here is the formula for the finite population correction, when the
  random variable is a mean score or proportion.
$fpc = \sqrt{(N - n) / (N - 1) }$

Source: https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=finite_population_correction
A: I might be wrong, but I think sample size is a function of population, but the formula is typically given in the limit as $pop\rightarrow\infty$.
