# Show that in Lyapunov equation $A^TQ+QA=-I$, the matrix $Q$ is positive definite.

Let $$A$$ be matrix whose eigenvalues all have negative real parts. Define $$Q=\int^{\infty}_0 B(t)dt$$ where $$B(t)=e^{A^Tt}e^{At}$$. Prove that $$Q$$ is symmetric and positive definite.

This question is related to the corresponding Lyapunov equation $$A^TQ+QA=-I$$.

By the above we know that $$B(t)^T=B(t)$$ and $$\forall x \neq 0. x^TB(t)x>0$$. Therefore:

\begin{align} -I &=\lim_{\tau \to \infty} B(\tau) -I\\ &=\lim_{\tau \to \infty} \int^{\tau}_0\frac{d B(t)}{dt} \\ &= \lim_{\tau \to \infty} \Big( A^T\int^{\tau}_0B(t)dt+\int^{\tau}_0B(t)dt\ A \Big)\\ &=A^TQ+QA\\ \end{align}

However I am confused on how to use these facts to show that $$Q$$ is symmetric and positive definite.

The key is to note that any (pointwise) constant linear transformation commutes with integration. For example, we can show that $Q$ is symmetric since $$Q^T = \left[\int B(t)\right]^T = \int[B(t)]^T = \int[e^{At}]^T[e^{A^Tt}]^T = \int e^{A^Tt}e^{At} = \int B(t) = Q$$ similarly, show that $x^TQx > 0$ so that $Q$ is positive definite. Note in particular that $$x^TB(t)x = \|e^{At}x\|^2$$ Moreover: if $x \neq 0$, $t \mapsto \|e^{At}x\|^2$ is necessarily a continuous, positive-valued function.