# Calculate an approximation of $\int_0^1\int_0^1\frac{\log(xy)xy}{-1+\log(xy)}dxdy$

Motivation. I was thinking in the more simple case of (6), I am saying the case $r=s=1$, that tell us this MathWorld. Then in this case one can check that the identity holds using integration methods. When I did it I've considered from Hata's integral the following different integral in this

Question. What's about $$\int_0^1\int_0^1\frac{\log(xy)xy}{-1+\log(xy)}dxdy?$$

Remark. The context was that I was trying with my imagination different expressions for an hypothetical similar (6) but now for $\sum_{k=r+1}^\infty\frac{\mu(n)}{n^3}$, where $\mu(n)$ is the Möbius function. For example I tried also consider $\int_0^1\left(\int_1^\infty\left(\int_1^\infty\frac{dx}{xy(1-(1-xy)z)}\right)dy\right)dz$, but I understand that it is science fiction to find an expression for $\sum_{k=r+1}^\infty\frac{\mu(n)}{n^3}$ from this random method.

My attempt. I can deduce the following statement $$\int_0^1\int_0^1\frac{\log(xy)xy}{-1+\log(xy)}dxdy=\frac{1}{4}+\int_0^1\int_0^1\frac{dxdy}{-1+\log(xy)},$$ and I know that $$\int\frac{dx}{-1+\log(xy)}=e\frac{\operatorname{Ei}(\log(xy)-1)}{y}+\operatorname{ constant}.$$ Then can we finish the example to get the integral in the Question in terms of particular values of special functions? Thanks in advance.

## References:

Hata, A New Irrationality Measure for $\zeta(3)$, Acta Arith. 92, 47-57 (2000).

• What exactly is (6)? politeness would dictate that you don't make potential repliers go hunt down what exactly you are referring to. Jan 27, 2017 at 20:57
• @nbubis many thanks for your attention. If you do the calculations for $r=s=1$ of (6) you can deduce a similar integral that I've written. Many thanks.
– user243301
Jan 27, 2017 at 20:59
• Again, you haven't said what $(6)$ is. Jan 27, 2017 at 21:00
• I'm sorry then, but it is (6) of the MathWorld article. Then is the identity (6) case $r=s=1$. Many thanks @nbubis
– user243301
Jan 27, 2017 at 21:02
• All users $$\int_0^1\left(\int_1^\infty\left(\int_1^\infty\frac{dx}{xy(1-(1-xy)z)}\right)dy\right)dz$$ corresponds to my attempt to relate the case $r=s=1$ with the specialization $r=1$ of this tail $\sum_{k=r+1}^\infty\frac{\mu(n)}{n^3}$. As I said I understand that it isn't a reasoning mathematical, but I am interestng in to know an integral representation for this $\sum_{k=r+1}^\infty\frac{\mu(n)}{n^3}$, if such similar representation is feasible. If you know some idea to exploit it and you want to edit a new question in this site Mathematics Stack Exchange it is the best. Many thanks.
– user243301
Jan 28, 2017 at 9:03

## 4 Answers

Change variables $xy/e=t$ to get $$\int_0^1\int_0^1\frac{dxdy}{-1+\log(xy)}=\int_0^1 dy \frac{e}{y}\int_0^{y/e}\frac{dt}{\log t}=\int_0^1 dy \frac{e}{y}\mathrm{li}(y/e)\ ,$$ where $\mathrm{li}(z)$ is the logarithmic integral. The second integral admits an antiderivative $$\int dy \frac{1}{y}\mathrm{li}(y/e)=\text{li}\left(\frac{y}{e}\right) \ln \left(\frac{y}{e}\right)-\frac{y}{e}+C\ ,$$ therefore your double integral reads $$\int_0^1\int_0^1\frac{dxdy}{-1+\log(xy)}=-1-e \text{li}\left(\frac{1}{e}\right)\ .$$

• Many thanks for your early answer, and attention. Now I am studying the answer.
– user243301
Jan 27, 2017 at 21:04
• Many thanks one more time for your trick to get the integratio and refer the antiderivative.
– user243301
Jan 27, 2017 at 21:11


$\ds{\mrm{E}_{p}\pars{z}}$ is the Generalized Exponenential Integral Function.

• Many thanks, you are very generous with this. I am going to study your nice answer.
– user243301
Jan 28, 2017 at 19:58
• @user243301 Thanks. It's nice it was helpful for you. Jan 28, 2017 at 19:59
• I understand the first identity $\int a^tdt=a^t/log(a)+\text{constant}$, and next calculations in second line, but I don't know where is the $\log(y)$ in the third line. Many thanks.
– user243301
Jan 28, 2017 at 20:20
• $\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1}\ln(x)x^{t + 1}y^{t + 1}\,dx\,dy + \int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1}\ln(y)x^{t + 1}y^{t + 1}\,dx\,dy$. If you exchange $x$ by $y$( and $y$ by $x$ ) in the second integral you get the first one. So, you have twice the first integral. Note the factor $2$ which multiplies the whole double integration. Jan 28, 2017 at 20:41
• Oh I'm sorry, very thanks much for these calculations, sincerely are nice.
– user243301
Jan 28, 2017 at 20:51

\begin{align} I&=\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \frac{xy\ln(xy)}{xy-1}\ dx \ dy\\ &=\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \frac{xy\ln(x)}{xy-1}\ dx \ dy+\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \frac{xy\ln(y)}{xy-1}\ dx \ dy\\ &=2\int_0^1 \int_0^1 \frac{xy\ln(x)}{xy-1}\ dx \ dy\\ &=2\int_0^1x\ln(x)\left(\int_0^1\frac{y}{xy-1}\ dy\right)\ dx\\ &=2\int_0^1x\ln(x)\left(\frac1x+\frac{\ln(1-x)}{x^2}\right)\ dx\\ &=2\int_0^1\ln x\ dx+2\int_0^1\frac{\ln x\ln(1-x)}{x}\ dx\\ &=2(-1)-2\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac1n\int_0^1x^{n-1}\ln x\ dx\\ &=-2+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac1{n^3}\\ &=-2+2\zeta(3) \end{align}

Different approach

\begin{align} I&=\int_0^1\left(\int_0^1\frac{xy\ln(xy)}{xy-1}\ dx\right)\ dy\overset{xy=z}{=}\int_0^1\left(\int_0^y\frac{z\ln(z)}{y(z-1)}\ dz\right)\ dy\\ &\int_0^1\left(\int_z^1\frac{z\ln(z)}{y(z-1)}\ dy\right)\ dz=\int_0^1\frac{z\ln^2(z)}{1-z}\ dz\\ &=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\int_0^1 z^n \ln^2(z)\ dx=2\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac1{(n+1)^3}=2(\zeta(3)-1) \end{align}