Can we prove that a statement cannot be proved? Is it possible to prove that you can't prove some theorem? For example: Prove that you can't prove the Riemann hypothesis. I have a feeling it's not possible but I want to know for sure. Thanks in advance
 A: Another simple example.  In the theory of groups, it is impossible to prove the commutative law.  To see this, we exhibit a non-commutative group.  
In your example, it probably is technically senseless to say "the Riemann Hypothesis is not provable".  Instead you include the axiom system you have in mind, for example maybe you want to say "the Riemann Hypothesis is unprovabie from the Zermelo-Frenkel axioms of set theory".
A: Probably the term you're looking for is undecidable: we say a conjecture is undecidable, relative to some formal system, if neither it or its negation can be proven within that system.
Yes, it is possible to prove something undecidable, and it has been done (not with the Riemann hypothesis in particular, of course, but with other conjectures).


*

*Goodstein's theorem is not decidable in Peano arithmetic (though it is provable in ZFC set theory).

*The continuum hypothesis is known to be undecidable in ZFC set theory. In 1940, Kurt Gödel proved that the continuum hypothesis cannot be refuted from the ZFC axioms; in 1963, Paul Cohen proved that it cannot be proven from those axioms either.

*In fact, Gödel proved in 1931 that for any formal system rich enough to intepret Peano arithmetic, there is a proposition that cannot be proven or refuted in that system. Moreover his proof is constructive: for any system you devise that includes natural number arithmetic as we know it, I can give you a specific proposition that is undecidable in that system.
A: Yes. Gödel's incompleteness theorem tells us that if a theory (collection of axioms) is "simple enough" and it can describe elementary arithmetic, then it cannot prove or disprove everything, unless it is inconsistent.
Where simple enough means that we can write a computer program which will tell us whether or not something is an axiom in our theory or not.
In addition Gödel's completeness theorem tells us that if a theory is consistent then it has a model. If we have a theory $T$ and we can find a model of $T$ where $\varphi$ holds, and another model where $\lnot\varphi$ holds, then we have proved that we cannot prove $\varphi$ from the axioms of $T$.
Such method was used to show that the continuum hypothesis cannot be proved from the axioms of ZFC; and that the axiom of choice cannot be proved nor disproved from the axioms of ZF.
One simpler example for this is that you cannot prove solely from the properties of a field that there exists a square root for the number $2$. In the field $\mathbb Q$ such number does not exist, whereas in $\mathbb R$ it does.
A: If I understand you correctly then yes. 
Of course, the very word "theorem" cannot be used here because the word theorem itself means a proven result. What you meant probably was do their exist assertions regarding which it can be proven that they are not provable within the confines of our mathematical axioms. Yes there do. For example you can't prove the axiom of choice in Zermelo Fraenkel set theory. 
A: From the time of Euclid on, there was interest in showing that Euclid's Fifth Postulate follows from the rest of Euclid's axioms. (Roughly speaking, the Fifth Postulate says that through a given point there is a unique line parallel to a given line.) 
Finally, in the $1830$'s, Bolyai and Lobachevsky independently showed that the Fifth Postulate does not follow from the rest, by discovering hyperbolic geometry. To use modern language, they found a model of the remaining axioms in which the Parallel Postulate fails. 
The work of Bolyai and Lobachevsky is, arguably, the first independence result. It may have helped to change the notion of what one means by an axiomatic system. 
A: As far as I know the continuum hypothesis has been proved "independent" from the ZFC axioms. So you can assume it true or false.
This is very different from just true undecidible statements (as the one used by Gödel to prove his incompleteness theorem). Gödel statements is true even though it is not derived by the axioms described in the theorem (Peano axioms) but it is proved by a different argument (the theorem itself).
A: I suppose it has been proved that neither the continuum hypothesis nor its negative can be proved from the ZFC. Hence, yes, it is possible to prove that something cannot be proved.
