How to construct $A$ and $b$, given the set of all solutions to $Ax=b$? 
I want to find a matrix $A \in \mathbb{C}^{2x4}$ and 
  $b \in\mathbb{C}^{2}$ the solution of 
  $Ax=b$ is: $$L =  \left\{\pmatrix{1\\2\\0\\-1} + x_1\pmatrix{1\\-2\\2\\1} + x_2\pmatrix{2\\2\\-1\\1}\right\}$$

Therefore $\dim(A) = 4$, $\dim(\ker(A)) = 2$, $\dim(\operatorname{im}(A)) = 2$.
$A$ and $b$ have the following format:
$$
A=      \begin{pmatrix}
        a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}  & a_{14}\\
        a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23}  & a_{24} \\
        \end{pmatrix}
b=      \pmatrix{b_1\\b_2}
$$
My idea is to solve the following equation for A and b:
$$A\,\pmatrix{1 + x_1 + 2x_2\\2 - 2x_1+ 2x_2\\2x_1 - x_2\\-1+x_1 + x_2} = b$$
Is this the right way to start? I get then a linear equation with 12 unknowns and only 2 equations. I know that there must be many solutions. Do I simply define some of them as 1 or 0?
 A: If you do this you don't get a linear system with twelve unknowns and two equations. Firstly, computing the product of $A$ with a matrix with some entries unknown is not linear, because it will involve terms of the form $a_{ij}x_k$; and secondly, $x_1$ and $x_2$ are not unknowns, the equation has to hold for all values of $x_1$ and $x_2$.
You know that in general the set of solutions of a system $Ax=b$ is given (if non-empty) by $v_0+\operatorname{null}A$ for some solution $v_0$ (any one will do, but you need to know that there is at least one). Comparing this with the definition of $L$, you get that $A$ must be such that
$$\operatorname{null} A=\operatorname{span} ((1,-2,2,1)^T , (2,2,-1,1)^T).$$
So you want the rows $A_1,A_2$ of $A$ to be linearly independent (so that $A$ has rank $2$) and such that
$$A_i\cdot (1,-2,2,1)^T=0=A_i\cdot (2,2,-1,1)^T;$$
Taking the transpose of these equations shows that the rows of $A$ must form a basis of the space of solutions to the homogeneous linear system
$$\left\{\begin{array}{lll}a_1-2a_2+2a_3+a_4 & = & 0 \\ 2a_1+2a_2-a_3+a_4 & = & 0 \end{array}\right.$$
Once you've found the matrix $A$, you need to make sure that $(1,2,0,-1)^T$ is a solution of the system $Ax=b$, so you just have to take
$$b=A\cdot \pmatrix{1\\2\\0\\-1}.$$
A: Using
$$
v_0=\pmatrix{1\\2\\0\\-1} \quad
v_1=\pmatrix{1\\-2\\2\\1} \quad 
v_2=\pmatrix{2\\2\\-1\\1}
$$
If you want
$$
b = A(v_0 + x_1 v_1 + x_2 v_2) \iff \\
\underbrace{b - A v_0}_d = x_1 Av_1 + x_2 Av_2 
= \underbrace{(Av_1 Av_2)}_C \underbrace{(x_1, x_2)^T}_u \iff \\
C u = d \quad
$$
to hold for all $u = (x_1, x_2)^T \in \mathbb{R}^2$ it must include $0$, so $C0 = 0 = d$ and thus $b = A v_0$ for whatever $A$ we end up with. 
Further $C u = 0$ for all $u$ means $C e_i = c_i = 0$ thus $C=(c_1 \, c_2) = (0 \, 0) = 0$.
This requires $A v_1 = A v_2 = 0$. 
With $A^T = (r_1 \, r_2)$ we need $r_i^T v_j = r_i \cdot v_j = 0 \iff r_i \perp v_j \iff v_j^T r_i = 0$. 
So $\ker A = \langle v_1, v_2 \rangle \perp 
\langle r_1, r_2 \rangle = \DeclareMathOperator{img}{img}\img A^T$
$$
V^T r = 0  \iff 
\begin{bmatrix}
v_1^T \\
v_2^T
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -2 &  2 & 1 \\
2 &  2 & -1 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
\to
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -2 &  2 &  1 \\
0 &  6 & -5 & -1
\end{bmatrix}
\to \\
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -2 &    2 &    1 \\
0 &  1 & -5/6 & -1/6
\end{bmatrix}
\to
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 &  1/3 &  2/3 \\
0 & 1 & -5/6 & -1/6
\end{bmatrix}
$$
We find $r_1 = (-1, 1, 1, 1)^T$, $r_2 = (0, 3, 4, -2)^T$ do the job.
So
$$
A =
\begin{pmatrix}
-1 & 1 & 1 &  1 \\
 0 & 3 & 4 & -2
\end{pmatrix}
\quad
b =
\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
8
\end{pmatrix}
$$
is a solution.
