Another way to compute $\pi_4(S_3)$: contradiction in spectral sequence calculation $\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}$
I decided that I would try another way of computing $\pi_4(S_3)$.  Take the fibration $S_3 \to K(\Z,3)$ with fiber defined to be $X_4$. I want to directly use this fibration.
From the usual way of computing $\pi_4(S_3)$, I know that $H^4(X_4)=0$ and $H^5(X_4)=\Z/2$. (Briefly, you continue(loop) the above fibration to the left to get the fibration  $K(\Z,2) \hookrightarrow X_4 \to S_3$ and then you use that the fundamental class of $K(\Z,2)$ is sent to the fundamental class of $S_3$ by $d_3$ in the cohomology Serre Spectral Sequence. Using leibniz' rule, get that $d_3^{0,4}$ is the multiplication by $2$ map. Since $d_3^{3,2}$ is the zero map, $H^5(X_4)=\Z/2$).
Back  to the spectral sequence of the fibration $X_4 \hookrightarrow S_3 \to K(\Z, 3)$
Now I will use that I know the cohomology of all three spaces in the fibration:  $H^*(K(\Z,3))=\Z[j]$ where $j$ has degree 3.  The only possible differential that could get rid of the $\Z/2=E_2^{0,5}$ is $d_6: \Z/2=E_5^{0,5} \to \Z=E_5^{6,0}$.  But $d_6$ must be zero since there are no homomorphisms from $\Z/2 \to \Z$ and $E_2^{0,5}=E_5^{0,5}$ survives to $E_\infty$. Therefore $H^6(S_3) \neq 0$.  Contradiction.
What is the flaw in my computation of the spectral sequence of $X_4 \hookrightarrow S_3 \to K(\Z, 3)$?
 A: It is not true that $H^*(K(\mathbb{Z},3))=\mathbb{Z}[j]$ where $j$ is the canonical class in degree $3$.  Indeed, since the product must be graded-commutative and $j$ has degree $3$, $j^2=(-1)^{|j||j|}j^2=-j^2$, so $2j^2=0$ (and similarly for all higher powers of $j$).  In fact, $j^2\neq 0$ and it generates $H^6(K(\mathbb{Z},3))$, so $H^6(K(\mathbb{Z},3))=\mathbb{Z}/2$, not $\mathbb{Z}$ as you claim, and your differential $d_6$ is nonzero and kills $E^{0,5}_2$.
(In addition to $j^2$ having order $2$, $H^*(K(\mathbb{Z},3))$ also has lots of elements in higher degree which are not in the subring generated by $j$.)
A: $\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}$
Here is how you compute $\pi_4(S_3)$ directly using your fibration, and using 
the calculations that you did in Contradiction in spectral sequence for $K(\mathbb{Z},3)$.
You showed there that $H^5(K(\Z,3))=0$ and that $H^6(K(\Z,3))=\Z/2$.  We have $d_5^{0,4}=0$ and since there is nothing else to kill or get rid of $E_6^{0,4}$, $H^4(X_4)=0$.  Since there is nothing to get rid of $E_7^{0,5}$ or kill $E_7^{6,0}$, $d_6^{0,5}$ must be an isomorphism so $H^5(X_4)=\Z/2$
Using the exact sequence $ 0 \to Ext(H^{5}(X_4),\Z) \to H_4(X_4,\Z) \to Hom(H^4(X,\Z),\Z) \to 0 $, we have that $\pi_4(S_3)=H_4(X_4, \Z)=\Z/2$.
