# Uniform and absolute convergence of improper integral

What is an example of an improper integral , $\int_a^\infty f(u,v)du$, that converges uniformly for $v$ is some subset $S$, but where $\int_a^\infty|f(u,v)|du$ converges pointwise but NOT uniformly on $S$?

When Weierstrass’s Test shows that Riemann improper integral with a parameter $v$, $\int_a^\infty f(u,v)du,$ is uniformly convergent it also shows that $\int_a^\infty |f(u,v)|du,$ is uniformly convergent.

I can also find examples where the integral is uniformly convergent but not absolutely convergent, like $\int_a^\infty \sin(vu)/u du$ where $v \in [c,\infty)$.

Or is it always true that a uniformly and absolutely convergent improper integral must also be uniformly convergent with the absolute value of the integrand taken?

No -- uniform and absolute convergence does not imply uniform-absolute convergence. For a counterexample, consider the improper integral

$$\int_0^\infty \frac{v}{u^2 + v^2} \sin u \, du,$$

where $v \in [0, \infty)$ .

It is straightforward to show the integral is absolutely convergent since for $v > 0$,

$$\int_0^ \infty\left|\frac{v}{u^2 + v^2} \sin u \right| \, du \leqslant \int_0^\infty \frac{v}{u^2 + v^2} \, du = \int_0^\infty \frac{1/v}{1 + (u/v)^2} \,du = \pi/2.$$

and uniformly convergent by the Dirichlet test.

However, we do not have uniform-absolute convergence. For all $n \in \mathbb{N}$ we have, $$\int_{n\pi}^{2n\pi} \frac{v}{u^2 + v^2} |\sin u| \, du \geqslant \frac{v}{(2n\pi)^2 + v^2}\int_{n\pi}^{2n\pi} |\sin u| \, du \\ = \frac{v}{(2n\pi)^2 + v^2}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\int_{n\pi + k\pi}^{n\pi + k\pi + \pi} |\sin u| \, du \\= \frac{2nv}{4\pi^2n^2 + v^2},$$

Choosing a sequence of points $v_n = n \in [0, \infty)$, we see that for all $n$

$$\int_{n \pi}^{2n\pi} \frac{n}{u^2 + n^2} |\sin u| \, du \geqslant \ \frac{2n^2}{4\pi^2n^2 + n^2} = \frac{2}{4\pi^2+1} > 0.$$

Thus, the convergence fails to be uniform for all $v \in [0,\infty).$

• Thank you. I understand the Dirichlet test. How is it carried out for showing the first integral is unif. conv? – scobaco Dec 6 '16 at 22:38
• @scobaco: You're welcome. To use Dirichlet you show (1) that the integral of $\sin u$ over$[0,x]$ is uniformly bounded for all $x \geqslant 0$ -- which is obviously true -- and (2) that $v/(u^2 + v^2)$ is monotonically decreasing and uniformly convergent to $0$ as $u \to \infty$ for all $v \in [0,\infty)$. The monotone convergence to $0$ is clear. That it converges uniformly is shown with the estimate $v/(u^2 + v^2) \leqslant v/(2uv) = 1/2u$. This follows from $u^2 + v^2 \geqslant 2uv.$ – RRL Dec 6 '16 at 23:12