Spectrum of composition of convolution and multiplication Let $T$ be the operator from $L^2(\mathbb R^n)$ to $L^2(\mathbb R^n)$
defined as composition of convolution and multiplication, 
$Tf := (af) * g$ where $g$ is in $L^2$ and $a$ is a bounded function.
Can we find the spectrum of $T$? 
For $a$ identically equal 1, the spectrum is the essential range of the 
Fourier transform of $g$. 
I am interested in the more general case.
If both $a$ and the Fourier transform of $g$ are positive functions,
I assume that the spectrum of $T$ will also be positive but don't have a proof. 
 A: If $a$ tends to zero at infinity, then $T$ is compact (e.g., by a little result in an old paper of mine). In that case, I rather doubt that there is any simple characterization of the eigenvalues in terms of the functions $a$ and $g$.
However, as you conjecture, it is true that  $T$ has positive spectrum if $a$ and the Fourier transform of  $g$ are positive!
Proof: Suppose $\lambda$ is in the spectrum of $T$. Then either  
(i) there is a sequence $f_n$ in $L^2$ with $\|f_n\|=1$ for all $n$  and $\|(T-\lambda)f_n\|\to0$, or 
(ii) the range of $T-\lambda$ is closed but not dense in $L^2$.
In case (i) we have
$$
((T-\lambda)f_n,af_n) = \int_{\mathbb R^n} \hat g|\widehat{af}_n|^2 -
\lambda \int_{\mathbb R^n} a|f_n|^2  \to 0.
$$
If either $\lambda$ is negative or has nonzero imaginary part,
it follows $\|\sqrt{a}f_n\|\to0$, hence $\|Tf_n\|\to0$, and hence
$|\lambda|=\|\lambda f_n\|\to0$, a contradiction. 
In case (ii) there must exist some nonzero $u\in L^2$ orthogonal to the range
of $T-\lambda$:
$$
0=((T-\lambda)f,u) \quad\mbox{for all $f\in L^2$}
$$
Note that
the convolution operator given by $Gf=g*f$ is self-adjoint due to the positivity
of $\hat g$. Taking $f=Gu$ we find
$$
0= ((T-\lambda)Gu,u) = \int_{\mathbb R^n}a|Gu|^2
-\lambda\int_{\mathbb R^n}\hat g|\hat u|^2.
$$
If either $\lambda$ is negative or has nonzero imaginary part, it follows $\hat g\hat u=0$ a.e., so $Gu=0$. But then for any $f$ we have $(Tf,u)=(af,Gu)=0=\lambda(f,u)$ and so $u=0$, a contradiction.
Consequently $\lambda\ge0$.

Actually, this argument easily generalizes to show that for any product $T=AB$ of two non-negative bounded self-adjoint operators in a Hilbert space, the spectrum of $T$ is non-negative. Probably this is well-known --- e.g., it follows from results described in
Hladnik, Milan, Omladic, Matjaz, Spectrum of the product of operators. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 102 (1988), no. 2, 300–302.
