Second Algebraic Dual Space I still didn't understand what is Second Dual Space. From class, I was told that:
$X^{**}=\{g_{x}:x \in X\}$ which $g_{x}$ is a map from algebraic dual space $X^{*}$ to scalar field $K$ of vector space $X$. $g_x$ is defined by $g_x(f)=f(x)$.
Then, I met $C$ which is called canonical mapping and map from vector space $X$ to second algebraic dual space $X^{**}$ defined by $Cx=g_x$. The book state that $C$ is injective but not always surjective.
What I didn't understand is why $C$ isn't always surjective? From the definition of element in $X^{**}$ and from the statement that $C$ is injective, then $C$ must be surjective. Or I might be wrong define elements in $X^{**}$?
And I'm using the book from Erwin Kreyszig - Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications
 A: You're wrong about the definition of $X^{**}$.  From Kreyszig, page 107:

We may go one step further and consider the algebraic dual $(X^*)^*$ of $X^*$, whose elements are the linear functionals defined on $X^*$... and call it the second algebraic dual space of $X$.

He then goes on to explain that for any $x$, $g_x$ is an element of $X^{**}$.
Notably, however, there is nothing about the definition of $X^{**}$ which guarantees that every element $g \in X^{**}$, that is every $g:X^* \to \Bbb C$, has the form $g_x$ for some $x \in X$.  In fact, if $X$ is an infinite dimensional normed space (and if we take the axiom of choice), then this is necessarily not the case.

For example: take $X\subset \ell^1$ to be the set of sequences for which all but finitely many elements are $0$.
Let $\{e_i\}_{i \in \Bbb N}$ be the canonical basis of $X$ (so for example, $e_1 = (1,0,0\dots)$); note that this is a Hamel basis for our space.  Every functional $f$ is determined by its values over these elements, since
$$
f(\sum_{i} \alpha_i e_i) = \sum_i \alpha_i f(e_i)
$$
Thus, for every sequence $(\beta_i)_{i \in \Bbb N}$, there is an associated $f$ with $f(e_i) = \beta_i$.
Now, consider the subspace of $U \subset X^*$ consiting of $f \in X^*$ such that
$$
\sup_{i \in \Bbb N}|f(e_i)| < \infty
$$
We may define the linear map $g:U \to \Bbb C$ by
$$
g(f) = \sup_{i \in \Bbb N} f(e_i)
$$
and by the axiom of choice, we may write $X^* = U \oplus V$ for some subspace $V$, and we may extend $g$ to all of $X^*$ by defining $g|_V = 0$.
Note that $g \in X^{**}$, but there is no $x \in X$ such that for every $f\in X$, $g(f) = f(x)$.
A: If we take $c_0 , \ell_1 , \ell_{\infty}. $ Then $c_0^{\ast} =\ell_1 , c_0^{\ast\ast}=\ell_1^{\ast}=\ell_{\infty}. $ Then the functional $\xi (x) =\sum_j x_j $ is not in the image $\kappa (c_0 )$ where $\kappa $ is the canonical mapping but $\xi \in c_0^{\ast\ast}=\ell_1^{\ast}=\ell_{\infty}.$
