Abstract Von Neumann Algebras I have just read this question Is a von Neumann algebra just a C*-algebra which is generated by its projections? and am wondering about Robert Israel's answer when he says that a subalgebra of $C(X)$ is not a Von Neumann algebra.  Some abstract definition must be being used, but he also says weak closure (by which I assume he means weak operator closure) and that only exists in $B(H)$.  When someone says that a C* algebra $A$ is a von Neumann algebra, is he saying that $A$ is $*$-isomorphic (i.e. a bijective map preserving the 3 algebraic operations, is an isometry, and preserves $*$) to a (concrete) von Neumann algebra? ($*$-subalgebra of $B(H)$ equal to its bicommutant)  That doesn't seem like what people would mean since such an isomorphism would say nothing about how $A$ lies within $B(H)$ topologically.  On the other hand, $A$ isn't known to lie in some external space so one can't hope for a big isomorphism that happens to take $A$ to a von Neumann algebra, and the bigger space containing $A$ to $B(H)$.  I am similarly confused about what "weak topology" means.
I have also heard of a predual characterization of Von Neumann algebras, although I've never heard the equivalence of this notion and mine formally stated nor proved.  If that's what's going on here, could someone please direct me to a sufficiently precise description of what everything means?
 A: In a sense you have to distinguish between an abstract and a concrete von Neumann algebra. But, as with C$^*$-algebras, since you can always represent them as concrete, the distinction is not that important. 
But it is true that a von Neumann algebra can be represented on a Hilbert space in such a way that it is not equal to its double commutant. For instance you take a II$_1$ factor and consider an irreducible representation: its image will be dense in some (nontrivial) $B(K)$ but of course it cannot be the whole thing. It is hard to imagine that these representations are of any use, so you always represent your vN algebra in a way that suits you best. 
So the meaningful question is whether you can tell intrinsically if a C$^*$-algebra is (or, better said, can be represented as) a von Neumann algebra. This is what you would say is an abstract definition of a von Neumann algebra. 
Sakai's characterization is in a sense too abstract. Because it is explicitly known what the predual should be: the normal functionals. So a C$^*$-algebra is isomorphic to a concrete von Neumann algebra precisely when the normal functionals separate points. 
When people say "weak topology" in the context of von Neumann algebras they are usually referring to the topology induced by the normal functionals, which is the weak$^*$ topology when the algebra is seen as the dual of the normal functionals. In a concrete von Neumann algebra, this is the ultraweak topology; it agrees with the weak operator topology on bounded sets.
A: I recently study the book "$C^*$- algebras and their automorphisms". In chapter 3 theorem3.9.8 you can see some sufficient condition in which a $C^*$ algebra be a von Neumann algebra.
A: At  page  42 of  the  following  paper  one  finds  an  alternative  intrinsic definition of  a  von  Neumann algebra: A  $C^*$  algebra with the  following two properties:
1)Every  bounded chain of  selfadjoint elements has  a  "supremum
2)For  every  non zero element $a\in A$, there  is  a  normal positive  functional $f$  with $f(a)\neq 0$.
Normality means  $f(sup(x_i))=sup(f(x_i))$
https://dmitripavlov.org/scans/guichardet.pdf
