# How can I get those approximations?

Suppose, $u$ is the unique real solution of $x^x=\pi$ and $v$ is the unique real solution of $x\cdot e^x=\pi$

Expressed with the Lambert-w-function we have $u=e^{W(\ln(\pi))}$ and $v=W(\pi)$

Wolfram gives the following very good approximations

$$u\approx \frac{1256-84\pi-5\pi^2}{-232-157\pi+125\pi^2}$$

with an absolute error of less than $2\cdot 10^{-18}$

and $$v\approx \frac{125-211\pi+235\pi^2}{-712-461\pi+387\pi^2}$$

with an absolute error of less than $2\cdot 10^{-19}$

• How can I calculate such approximations ?

The approximations look like Pade-approximations. PARI/GP can calculate such Pade-approximations, but I only managed to do it for functions and not for real numbers.

The object is obviously to find a rational function $f(x)$, such that for a given constant $s$, $f(s)$ is the best approximation of a given number (given some limit to the degrees of the polynomials).

With the bestappr-function, PARI could then find a function $g(x)$ such that for a given limit of the absolute value of the coefficients, $g(x)$ is the best approximation of $f(x)$.

But how can I get the function $f(x)$ ?

• Are you asking about how to get a rational approximation to a function? The expressions you cite seem notable for their integer coefficients, which suggests they are the result of lattice approximations. – hardmath Sep 28 '16 at 12:24

I think that Alpha uses an integer relation algorithm (PSLQ or LLL) implemented too in pari/gp.

The trick here is to use the pari/gp command lindep with a precision of $18$ digits (forced by alpha I think) :

> u= solve(x=1,2, x^x-Pi)
= 1.8541059679210264327483707184102932454
> lindep([1,Pi,Pi^2, u,u*Pi,u*Pi^2], 18)
= [-1256, 84, 5, -232, -157, 125]~


this means that $-1256+84\pi+5\pi^2-232\,u-157\,u\,\pi+125\,u\,\pi^2\approx 0\;$ or that $$u\approx\frac{1256-84\pi-5\pi^2}{-232 -157\pi+125\pi^2}$$ Change the value $18$ in lindep (and the precision of $u$) if more precise results are wished (or add higher powers of $\pi$ and so on...)

• A superb answer! Thank you very much! – Peter Sep 28 '16 at 11:58
• Glad you liked it @Peter! For other examples of the same kind see for example this thread. – Raymond Manzoni Sep 28 '16 at 12:00
• I thought about the lindep-command, but I did not have the idea to add the numbers $u,u\pi,u\pi^2,\cdots$ and that this actually leads to a rational approximation. – Peter Sep 28 '16 at 12:02

An interesting read on how Wolfram (and other programs) might find such approximations can be found here, the same website also offers the source to a program that can find approximations to numbers you input.