An old question about sumsets and difference sets 
Let $A$ be a finite set. Define the symbols $+$ and $-$ as follows: $$A+A=\{a+b:a,b\in A\};$$ $$A-A=\{a-b:a,b\in A\}.$$ Prove or disprove $|A+A|\leq|A-A|$, where $|A|$ denotes the cardinality of $A$.

This is an intuitively appealing conjecture.  (Since $a+b=b+a$ but $a-b\ne b-a$, one might expect there are about twice as many possible differences as sums.)  But surprisingly, the conjecture is false. A counterexample is $A=\{1,2,3,5,8,9,13,15,16\}$, then $A+A=\{2,3,\ldots,32\}\backslash\{27\}$, $|A+A|=30$ and $A-A=\{-15,-14,\ldots,15\}\backslash\{\pm9\}$, $|A-A|=29$.
Now here are my questions:

*

*What's special about that counterexample that made it different? And can we gain some insight from this into how to generate more counterexamples?

*Since $|A+A|\leq|A-A|$ is false, can we find the minimum/infimum of $\frac{|A+A|}{|A-A|}$?

 A: For $A \subset \mathbb{Z}$, $\frac{|A+A|}{|A-A|}$ has infimum $0$ and supremum $\infty$. Based on your example, we can show that $|A+A|/|A-A|$ can take both arbitrarily small and arbitrarily large positive values.
Let $B$ denote your example and consider $A = B^k \subset \mathbb{Z}^k$. Then $A+A = (B+B)^k$ and $A-A = (B-B)^k$, so $|A+A| = 30^k$ and $|A-A| = 29^k$. This means that $\frac{|A+A|}{|A-A|} = (\frac{30}{29})^k$, which can become arbitrarily large. To find an example in $\mathbb{Z}$, consider the map $\phi: \mathbb{Z}^k \to \mathbb{Z}$ given by $\phi: (a_1, \ldots, a_k) \mapsto a_1 + N \cdot a_2 + N^2 \cdot a_3 + \ldots + N^{k-1} a_k$, where $N$ is chosen sufficiently large. The sumset and the difference set of the image $\phi(A)$ of $A$ in $\mathbb{Z}$ then have the same sizes as the sumset and the difference set of $A$, because $\phi$ preserves the "additive structure" of $A$.
Similarly, to show that $|A+A|/|A-A|$ can take arbitrarily small values, start from an example $B \subset \mathbb{Z}$ satisfying $|B-B| > |B+B|$.
Bounds relating the size of the sumset with the size of the difference set. Although by the above an inequality of the form $|A-A| \geq k |A+A|$ is not possible, some inequalities that relate $|A-A|$ and $|A+A|$ have been proven. Two attractive examples are
$$
|A+A|^{3/4} \leq |A-A| \leq |A+A|^{4/3}
$$
and
$$
\sigma(A)^{1/2} \leq \delta(A) \leq \sigma(A)^{2}
$$
where $\sigma(A) = \frac{|A+A|}{|A|}$ and $\delta(A) = \frac{|A-A|}{|A|}$. You can read more about this in these lecture notes by Imre Ruzsa. Surprisingly, these bounds are symmetric although typically the difference set will be larger than the sumset.
Sets having more sums than differences. There is some literature available about sets $A$ with $|A-A| < |A+A|$. These sets are sometimes called MSTD-sets (for "more sums than differences"). For example, see this survey article. This article also provides some constructions for MSTD-sets. 
