Is a cylinder a differentiable manifold? First of all! I mean a cylinder with a circle at the top and a circle at the bottom. Not the volume but its surface.
Intuition tells me YES. But...
How can charts be defined for the points on the edge?
What I thought first is that since a sphere is a differentiable manifold and I could find a bijection projecting the cylinder on a sphere placed in its center (of symmetry) I could extend the properties of the sphere to the cylinder.
Now some doubts arise since the metric that I would define on the cylinder would be spherical, while I would expect to get standard euclidean geometry on the flat surfaces.
Anyway, no metric is yet defined on differentiable manifolds and I can imagine to define the metric that best fits after. So


*

*Wthout a metric, does the differential manifold structure allows me to distinguish between a cylinder and a sphere?

*With a metric can I be sure whether my manifold is a cylinder or a sphere or anything else?

*Where can I get a handy summary on the structure information given by topology, manifold, and metric when I only know some of the three?
thank you in advance

 A: If you want your cylinder to have an "edge" then intuitively, it should not be a differentiable manifold. If you take a point in a differentiable manifold, then there is a regularly parametrized curve through the point in each direction. (Just take a straight line in a chart in transport it onto the manifold.) This means that you can "pass through that point" in each direction on a smooth curve with non-zero velocity. If you apply this to a point on the edge, this means that you can get from the side of cylinder to the top of the cylinder by a smooth curve whose speed is non-vanishing at each point. But obviously this should not be possible at the edge, since the speed would have to jump from having non-zero vertical component to being horizontal. (What I am trying to explain in a non-technical way here is that the cylinder has no well defined tangent plane at points of the edge.) 
The problem with a formal answer to your question is that in order to get a formal answer, you would first have to specify what it means to "make the cylinder into a manifold". As you said, you can choose a bijection to a sphere (which even is a homeomorphism) and use this to carry the manifold structure over to the cylinder. But in this way, you have "removed" or "flattened out" the edge. Certainly, the cylinder is not a submanifold in $\mathbb R^3$, which can be seen by making the above argument with tangent spaces precise.  
A: Assume the cylinder is not solid and does not have a top or a bottom then yes. Its a differentiable manifold. This cylinder in $\mathbb{R}^3$ could be defined by $\{x \in \mathbb{R}^3 \mid x_1^2 + x_2^2 = R^2 \text{ and } |x_3|\leq C\}$.
Now this cylinder is different from a sphere by the curvature: the curvature on a sphere is everywhere and in every direction the same. The curvature on the cylinder differs. Its $1$ if you go parallel to the $xy$-plane, its $0$ parallel to the $z$-axis. In general curvature is a good way to differentiate manifolds "by themselves".
Edit/Added:
Finding a bijection between two manifolds does not make them equivalent, the sphere is not equivalent to the cylinder just because you can relate them 1-to-1.
The problem with a top/bottom is that you will have a kink on the edges. At those kinks the manifold is not differentiable, just like $|x|$ is not differentiable at $0$.
