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Why are numbers written in descending order? Is there any advantage of doing so, especially in left-to-right writing systems?

Wouldn't it be more convenient to do it in ascending order? For example:

Addition

In straight form, 1234 + 56 can be written like this:

4321 +   // If we use left alignment, the operator should be on the right for convenience
65
------
 1
0921

In the convention of left-to-right writing systems, the evaluation can be done from left to right, rather than from right to left. Also, the left alignment is similar to the writing system. (I hope this isn't the answer to my question ‐ please don't tell me people tried to make the number system different from the writing system so that arithmetics looks more professional!)

Subtraction

Similarly, 1234 - 567:

4321 -
765
------
 111
766

From this, we can also notice another advantage of using ascending order, that is, convenience when the expression is written inline. This is a common situation faced by students who write inline expressions in grid exercise books ‐ when I write 1234 - 567 inline, I may not know (suppose I am very bad at mental calculation) how many digits the result would be, so I do it from the last digit, and when I realized that there is an empty digit (or an extra digit for addition), I need to rub it out and rewrite it (so that everything is in its proper grid). This is actually troublesome because you need to leave some space and estimate the number of digits left.

Small endian

Actually, this kind of advantage is also reflected in computer science, where in many operating systems, integers are stored in small endian (starting from the least significant byte) instead of big endian (starting from the most significant byte), because when you convert a short (2 bytes) to an long long (8 bytes) you just need to pad NUL bytes behind until all 8 bytes of memory allocated are filled, rather than adding in front of it where you need to calculate 10, like this:

// small-endian
a = 12 34
// we now allocate 8 bytes
b = 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
// now we copy 2 bytes from memory address of a to memory address of b
b = 12 34 00 00 00 00 00 00

// big-endian
a = 34 12
b = 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
// we can't copy from memory address to memory address directly
// we have to calculate 8 - 2 = 6, then add 6 to the memory address of b
b = 00 00 00 00 00 00 34 12

We see a similar problem when trying to convert from long long to short. In small endian, we just need to copy the 8 bytes from the beginning until the memory in the short is filled up (i.e. copy the first 2 bytes), but in big endian, we need to copy starting from the 7th byte.

In a left-to-right writing system widely used in Europe (I refer to Roman numerals as the source of this descending order system), isn't it going to cause similar trouble?

In multiplication, the number of digits in the result is probably even more unpredictable.

More background

I'm currently writing a problem that implements arbitrary-base arbitrary-digit non-recurring number representation (don't ask me why), and when implementing it, it came to me that implementing it starting from the lowest digit is much more convenient.

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    $\begingroup$ I see your point, but we can't turn back the clock. The historical traders and bankers wanted to tell at a glance that $\$ 1234567$ comes out as approximately $\$1.2$ million. I guess it was judged to be easier when the most significant digits are in the front, because those are the first you will see when reading from left to right. I don't know the history - this was just the first thing that occured to me. $\endgroup$ – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 7 '16 at 8:30
  • $\begingroup$ Also, if we switched to this, then the decimals would extend to the left. I guess we might get used to that :-) $\endgroup$ – Jyrki Lahtonen Aug 7 '16 at 8:33
  • $\begingroup$ @JurkiLahtonen thank you for this suggestion, but you can't tell at a glance how many digits there are either, right? Ironically, scientific notation conventionally have their exponents after the number as well. That's probably worth another research ;) $\endgroup$ – SOFe Aug 7 '16 at 8:34
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    $\begingroup$ Actually, we got the decimal system numbers from the Arabs who write from right to left. That is, they write numbers with the least significant digit first. $\endgroup$ – celtschk Aug 7 '16 at 8:40
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    $\begingroup$ @celtschk: That's exactly how it's done in Hebrew (switching directions whenever switching between numbers and letters), so I would tend to guess that it's possibly the same in Arabic. $\endgroup$ – barak manos Aug 7 '16 at 13:23
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The familiar everyday systems of numerals were all developed before pencil and paper calculation. Calculation was typically done on some variant of abacus or counting board; numerals were then used to record the result. Thus, any poor fit between our pencil and paper algorithms and numeral system is irrelevant historically.

In the simplest everyday terms it’s more important to be able get a quick idea of the magnitude of a number, and if you read from left to right, that means putting the most significant symbols on the left. Thus, we put the most significant digit on the left, and Roman numerals were written from large to small. (The practice of writing IV for $4$, for example, developed much later.)

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