How to find last two digits of $2^{2016}$

Question

What should the 'efficient' way of finding the last two digits of $2^{2016}$ be? The way I found them was by multiplying the powers of $2$ because $2016=1024+512+256+128+64+32$. I heard that one way would be with the Chinese Remainder Lemma but I don't really know how I should start?

Answer 1

Essentially we need $2^{2016}\pmod{100}$

As $(2^{2016},100)=4$

let us find $2^{2016-2}\pmod{100/4}$

Now as $2^{10}\equiv-1\pmod{25}$

$2^{2014}=2^{201\cdot10+4}=(2^{10})^{201}\cdot2^4\equiv(-1)^{201}\cdot2^4\equiv9\pmod{25}$

$$\implies2^2\cdot2^{2014}\equiv2^2\cdot9\pmod{2^2\cdot25}$$

Answer 2

By brute force:

Powers of $2$ end in

$$01,02,\color{blue}{04,08,16,32,64,28,56,12,24,48,96,92,84,68,36,72,44,88,76,52},04,08,16\cdots$$ and so on with a period of $20$.

Hence $$2^{2016}\to2^{16}\to36.$$

Answer 3

$\newcommand{\angles}[1]{\left\langle\,{#1}\,\right\rangle} \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\,{#1}\,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\,{#1}\,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,\mathrm{e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\half}{{1 \over 2}} \newcommand{\ic}{\mathrm{i}} \newcommand{\iff}{\Leftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\Li}[2]{\,\mathrm{Li}_{#1}\left(\,{#2}\,\right)} \newcommand{\ol}[1]{\overline{#1}} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\,{#1}\,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\ul}[1]{\underline{#1}} \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\,{#2}\,}\,} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{\mathrm{d}^{#1} #2}{\mathrm{d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\,{#1}\,\right\vert}$

This is an $\ds{\ul{old\ school}}$ proof:

1. Since $\ds{2^{2016} = \pars{2^{4}}^{2016/4} = 16^{504}}$, it's obvious the $\ds{\ul{2^{2016}\ last\ digit}}$ is $\ds{\color{#f00}{\large 6}}$.
   
   Namely, the last digit of any $n^{\mathrm{th}}$-powers $\ds{\pars{n = 1,2,3,\ldots}}$ of $\ds{\ 16}$ is $\ds{\color{#f00}{6}}$.

   ---

2. Then, $\ds{{2^{2016} - 6 \over 10}= {16^{504} - 6 \over 10}}$ is an $\ds{\ul{integer}}$ and its last digit is the digit before the $\ds{2^{2016}}$ last digit: \begin{align} \fbox{$\ds{\ {16^{504} - 6 \over 10}\ }$} & = {\pars{16^{504} - 16} + 10 \over 10} = {16\pars{16^{503} - 1} \over 10} + 1 = {16\times 15 \over 10}\,{16^{503} - 1 \over 16 - 1} + 1 \\[3mm] & = \fbox{$\ds{\ 24\sum_{n = 0}^{502}16^{n} + 1\ }$}\tag{1} \end{align} The above sum last digit is the last digit of $\ds{\pars{1 + 6\times 502} = 301\ul{3}.\ }$ The last digit of $\ds{2\ul{4} \times 301\ul{3}}$ is $\ds{\ul{2}}$ such that the last digit of $\ds{\pars{1}}$ is $\ds{\pars{\ul{2} + \ul{1} = \color{#f00}{\large 3}}}$

   ---

3. Then, $\ds{2^{2016}\ \ul{last\ two\ digits}\ \mbox{is}\ \color{#f00}{\large 36}}$.

Answer 4

You may combine an obvious fact: $$ 2^{2016}\equiv 0\pmod{4} $$ with the less obvious fact that $2$ is a generator for $\mathbb{Z}/(25\mathbb{Z})^*$ to get: $$ 2^{2016} \equiv 2^{2016\pmod{\varphi(25)}} \equiv 2^{16} \equiv (-1)\cdot 64 \equiv 11\pmod{25}$$ from which: $$ 2^{2016}\equiv\color{red}{36}\pmod{100} $$ readily follows from the Chinese remainder theorem.

Answer 5

We need to find $2^{2016} \bmod 100$

We can calculate this fairly directly without the need for the Chinese Remainder Theorem to recombine the results from the different prime powers, although that is often a useful technique.

Although $2^2 \mid 100$, the values for exponents above $2$ will cycle as usual in accordance with Euler's Theorem, and the cycle length will divide $\lambda(100)=\text{lcm}(20,2)=20$, the reduced totient function (Carmichael function).

So since $2016 \equiv 16 \bmod 20 $ (and $16>2$), $2^{2016} \equiv 2^{16} \equiv (2^8)^2 \equiv 56^2 \equiv 6^2 \equiv 36 \bmod 100 $

Answer 6

We use $ \ ca\bmod cn\,=\ c\ (a\bmod n),\, $ the mod Distributive Law, $ $ to compute

$\ \ \begin{align} 2^{\large 16+20I}\!\bmod 100\, &=\ 2^{\large 2}\,(\color{#c00}{2^{\large 14+20I}}\bmod{25})\\ &=\, 2^{\large 2}\! \cdot \color{#c00}{3^{\large 2}},\ \ \ {\rm by}\ \bmod{25}\!:\,\ {\color{#c00}{2^{\large 14+20I}}}\!\equiv 2^{\large 14}\, \!\!\!\underbrace{(\color{#0a0}{2^{\large 20}})^{\large I}\! \equiv \color{#0a0}{\bf 1}^{\large I}}_{\rm\large\color{#0a0}{Euler}\ \phi(25)=20}\!\!\!\,2^{\large 14}\!\equiv (2^{\large 7})^{\large 2}\!\equiv\color{#c00}{ 3^{\large 2}} \end{align}$