# I am looking for a mathematical equation to warp an image [closed]

Theoretically, I know that to warp an image, each pixel $(x,y)$ in the source image is transformed to $(x', y')$ using a function f (i.e. $x'=f(x,y)$ & $y'=f(x,y)$ ). But what mathematical equations can I use instead of the function “f()” . For example, I found in a website the following for warping an image:

$X' = X + [\sin(aX) + \cos(cY)] \dot\ d$ where $a$,$b$,$c$ and $d$ random values.

$y'=$ the same above

My question: from where such this equation come? Is there any systematic technique to generate such equations and then get the similar warped image below?

My question is about how to build equations that represent mapping functions in complicated warping effects for example one that produces such above warping image, and then how to determine values of the coefficients “parameters” for these mathematical equations, definitely not by trial and error.

## closed as off-topic by Daniel W. Farlow, M. Vinay, JonMark Perry, user91500, Claude LeiboviciJun 30 '16 at 5:00

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• See adrianboeing.blogspot.com.br/2011/02/… and gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/90592/… for an example. – lhf Jun 29 '16 at 17:58
• Actually the sky is the limit. Any $x^\prime=f(x,y),y^\prime=g(x,y)$ will transform the image into a 'warped' image. If $f$ and $g$ are composed of sinusoidal functions (sine and cosine) then you will have a ripple effect of some sort. But the possibilities are limitless. First one must decide upon what kind of distortion one would like, then find an equation to do that. As an example, in face recognition, the position of certain fixed points on the face are recorded. One might wish a function which would distort one person's face so it would match the characteristic points of another's face. – John Wayland Bales Jun 29 '16 at 18:16