Balls and Urn Paradox So, I came across the following paradox:
At $1$ minute before noon, put in balls $1 \sim 10$ and take out ball number $1$. At $1/2$ minute before noon, put in balls $11\sim20$ and take out ball number $2$ and so on. How many balls are there at noon?
None.
At $1$ minute before noon, put in balls $1 \sim 10$ and randomly take out a ball. At $1/2$ minute before noon, put in balls $11\sim20$ and randomly take out another ball and so on. How many balls are there at noon?
None.
Okay, so I understand the first paradox because one can describe the exact moment each ball was taken out. But, you can't apply a similar argument to the second paradox because we randomly take out a ball.
  I feel as if it's like infinitely summing $\frac{1}{n}$ and eventually there would be too many balls.
Can someone explain to me mathematically why this is the case?
 A: Let $ n \in \mathbb{N} $
Let the ball labelled $ n $ be placed in the urn on step $ i_0 $.
The probability of removing the ball labelled $ n $ at step $ i $ is $ \dfrac {1} {9i+1} $.
The probability of it never being removed is therefore
$$ \prod_{i=i_0}^{\infty} 1 - \dfrac {1} {9i+1} $$
Which diverges to $ 0 $ since the sum
$$ \sum_{i=i_0}^{\infty} -\dfrac {1} {9i+1} $$ 
diverges to $ -\infty $.
So all balls will be removed at some point with probability $ 1 $.
A: Okay, at each tick you are adding nine distinct balls by adding 10 enumerated balls and removing one ~ either in enumeration order or randomly.   The ticks occur at times in the infinite sequence $\{-1, -\tfrac 12, -\tfrac 14, ..., -2^{1-k}, ...\}$ in units of "minutes before noon".   (Assuming that you can insert and extract these balls actual-instantly, and you have an unlimited amount of balls.)
The paradox is the claim that because every ball labelled with any positive integer is extracted on some tick in the sequence, then all of the (infinite many) balls that are inserted will have been extracted by the after noon.   IE: There is a bijection between the countable sequence of ticks and the countable enumeration of balls.
In the first case this is easy to see, because for all $n\in\Bbb N^+$, ball $\#n$ will be extracted on index $\#n$ which is time $-2^{1-n}$ minutes before noon.   In the second case it is harder to see simply because you can not determine exactly when the ball will be extracted.   However, given enough ticks, then every ball will have been extracted some when along the way.

Now, just to melt your brain, ...

 Consider this case: On each tick you insert $10$ balls numbered $10k-9$ to $10k$ but extract ball numbered $10k-9$.   Here you are inserting and removing exactly the same counts of balls on each and every tick, however, you are explicitly not removing all of the balls.
 
   That is why ${\small 10}\infty{-}\infty$ is indefinite.

A: The answer for the second paradox is that you cannot tell (in general) how many balls will be in the urn.
The explanation for the first paradox is that given any ball $k$ (k being its number), you know that it was removed on the $k$-th tick (time noon minus $\frac{1}{2^{k-1}}$ minutes). Hence every ball eventually ends up out of the urn.
The random case is very different because you no longer have any guarantee that a given ball $k$ has ever been removed from the urn. (This question is actually very delicate because it depends in a very essential way on what the probability distribution over the balls in the urn is each time a ball is removed). If the aforementioned probability distribution is known, then one may be able to compute the probability that a given ball has been removed or not (it may lie anywhere in $[0,1]$ depending on the distribution(s) used).
A: It depends. How to the laws of the universe work in your hypothetical situation? If the laws of the universe work in such a way that number of balls in the urn is the limit as time approaches noon from the past direction of the number of balls in the urn at that time, then there will be infinitely many balls in the urn at noon, if you're careful what you really mean when you say that as I will describe later. If the laws of the universe work in such a way that each individual ball will be in the urn at noon if and only if it was in the urn at all times before noon that are sufficiently close to noon, then there will be none in the urn at noon.
Now I'll explain what I mean when I say the number of balls in the urn at noon is the limit as time approaches noon from the past direction of the number of balls in the urn at that time. In Calculus, there is only one kind of infinity. In set theory, there are multiple infinities. In set theory, a cardinal number is used to describe an equivalence class of sets that all of a bijection from one another, and it can be shown that there are multiple infinite cardinal numbers. When the limit as time approaches noon from the past side of number of balls in the urn at that time is the Calculus infinity, I declare it correct to say the number of balls in the urn at noon is the limit when the number of balls in the urn at noon is $\aleph_0$, the number of natural numbers there are, in the context of this answer.
Now I'll explain how it's possible that if each individual ball will be in the urn at noon if and only if it was in the urn at all times before noon that are sufficiently close to noon, there will be none in the urn at noon. Suppose each individual ball is in the urn at noon if and only if it was in the urn at all times before noon that are sufficiently close to noon. Consider the time when so far, you just put in balls 1-10 and took out ball one. At that time, there are just balls 2-10 in the urn. Eventually all the balls from 2-10 will be taken out when you put in balls 90-100 and take out ball 10. The balls currently in the urn at this time, 11-100 also will eventually be all taken out when you put in balls 990 to 1,000 and take out ball 100.
Now we can conclude that each individual ball some time before noon will be taken out and never put back in any time before noon. Given what the laws are, that means none of the balls will be in the urn at noon. However, as time approaches noon from the past direction, the number of balls in the urn approaches infinity. This shows that the number of balls in the urn at noon is not the limit as time approaches noon from the past direct of the number of balls in the urn at that time.
