# If polynomials are almost surjective over a field, is the field algebraically closed?

Let $K$ be a field. Say that polynomials are almost surjective over $K$ if for any nonconstant polynomial $f(x)\in K[x]$, the image of the map $f:K\to K$ contains all but finitely many points of $K$. That is, for all but finitely many $a\in K$, $f(x)-a$ has a root.

Clearly polynomials are almost surjective over any finite field, or over any algebraically closed field. My question is whether the converse holds. That is:

If $K$ is an infinite field and polynomials are almost surjective over $K$, must $K$ be algebraically closed?

(This answer to a similar question gave a simple proof that $\mathbb{C}$ is algebraically closed from the fact that polynomials are almost surjective over $\mathbb{C}$. However, this proof made heavy use of special properties of $\mathbb{C}$ such as its topology, so it does not generalize to arbitrary fields.)

• I believe this is open. At least, it was posted on MO with no definitive answer: mathoverflow.net/questions/6820/… May 20 '16 at 17:27
• Here's my 5 cents. $K$ must contain an $n^{th}$ root for each of its elements (take $f:=X^{n}$; for $\alpha\in K^{*}$, $f$ cannot miss the infinitely many elements $\alpha\cdot\beta^{n}$ with $\beta\in K^{*}$). At least when $char(K)=0$, the roots of unity are expressible as radicals. This implies that $K$ does not admit any finite Galois extensions with solvable Galois group. I.e., any minimal non-trivial Galois extension of $K$ must have a simple non-abelian Galois group. Jun 8 '18 at 20:19
• I find the concept of almost surjective polynomials a bit confusing. Can you give an example of an almost surjective polynomial over $\mathbb{C}$ that is not surjective? Oct 2 '19 at 10:00
• Or wait, can your question be rephrased as 'If $K$ is an infinite field and polynomials are almost surjective over $K$, must polynomials be fully surjective over $K$?' ? Oct 2 '19 at 10:05
• Here it is my 1 cent also. Suppose there exist a $T_0$, compact and first countable topology on K such that polynomials are continuous. There are no isolated points x, otherwise $x+k$ would be also isolated because polynomials are continuous, thus the topology is discrete. But being compact it should be finite. Now take a polynomial p with non taken values $s_1,\ldots, s_k$. Take $y_n$ in the $U_n$ (given by first countability) of $s_1$ , WLOG $x_n$ different by $s_i$. Take $x_n$ st $p(x_n)=y_n$. The space is sequentially compact, so WLOG $x_n\to x$. Then $p(x)=s$ and p is surjective. Oct 2 '19 at 12:12