Elementary Functions, Differentiation, Integration [duplicate]

Why is it that differentiation of a function that is a composition of elementary functions (such as $\sin \:2^x$ or $\ln(\mathrm{arcsec}\: x^3)$ or $x^{1/x}$) always produces a composition of elementary functions, while integration sometimes does not? For example, the derivative of $\sin \:x^2$ is $2x\cos \:x^2$, but the integral of $\sin \:x^2$ produces the Fresnel sine function, the definition of which is simply the integral? To put it loosely, why does differentiation make functions simpler and integration make functions more complex? I guess what I'm trying to get at is what fundamental aspect of integration sometimes produces a non-elementary function from an elementary function?

marked as duplicate by J. M. is a poor mathematician, JMP, Claude Leibovici calculus StackExchange.ready(function() { if (StackExchange.options.isMobile) return; $('.dupe-hammer-message-hover:not(.hover-bound)').each(function() { var$hover = $(this).addClass('hover-bound'),$msg = $hover.siblings('.dupe-hammer-message');$hover.hover( function() { $hover.showInfoMessage('', { messageElement:$msg.clone().show(), transient: false, position: { my: 'bottom left', at: 'top center', offsetTop: -7 }, dismissable: false, relativeToBody: true }); }, function() { StackExchange.helpers.removeMessages(); } ); }); }); May 14 '16 at 6:01

• The derivative of $\sin x^2$ is $2x\cos x^2$. – choco_addicted May 14 '16 at 1:35
• Oops, I've corrected it. – Yunfei Ma May 14 '16 at 1:36
• But there also some functions that differentiating them is harder than integrating. For example $2x\cos x^2$, its anti-derivative is $\sin x^2$ and its derivative is $2\cos x^2-4x^2 \sin x^2$ – Ruzayqat May 14 '16 at 1:44
• One actually does not need to go further than the natural logarithm. Who'd expect that $\int \frac1{u}\mathrm du$ results in a transcendental function? – J. M. is a poor mathematician May 14 '16 at 1:59