# Show $F_b (\Omega, X)$ is a Banach space

Let $\Omega$ be any non empty set and let $X$ be a Banach space over $\mathbb{C}$.

Let $F_b (\Omega,X)$ be a linear subspace of $F(\Omega, X)$ of all functions $f; \Omega \to X$ such that $$\{||f(x)|| : x \in \Omega\}$$ is bounded.

The vector space $F_b (\Omega , X)$ is a normed space with norm $$||f||_b =\sup \{||f(x)|| : x \in \Omega \}$$

I am trying to show $F_b (\Omega ,X)$ is a Banach space.

Proof:

Let $(f_n)$ be a cauchy sequence in $F_b (\Omega,X)$ and let $\epsilon >0$. Then there exists a $N \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $||f_n -f_m ||_b \leq \epsilon$ whenever $n ,m > N$.

For all $x \in \Omega$ we have $$||f_n(x)-f_m(x)|| \leq ||f_n -f_m||_b < \epsilon$$ whenever $n , m > N$.

Hence $(f_n (x))$ is a Cauchy sequence in $X$.

Since $X$ is complete we may define a function $f : \Omega \to X$ by $$f(x)=\lim_{n \to \infty} f_n (x)$$

I understand the proof up to this point but not any further.

The proof continues

Since $$||f_n(x)-f_m(x)|| < \epsilon$$ for all $x \in \Omega$ whenever $n,m > N$ taking the limit $m \to \infty$ yields $$||f_n(x) -f_m(x)|| \leq \epsilon$$ provided $n > N$

The answer says we have taken the limit but it still yields $||f_n(x) -f_m(x)|| \leq \epsilon$?

Why do we take the limit $m \to \infty$? And why not $n \to \infty$?

Hence $$f(x)|| \leq \epsilon + ||f_n(x)|| \leq \epsilon + ||f_n||_b$$ provided $n >N$ for all $x \in \Omega$.

Where does $f(x)|| \leq \epsilon + ||f_n(x)|| \leq \epsilon + ||f_n||_b$ come from?

Thus $f$ is bounded and belongs to $F_b (\Omega,X)$ and $\lim_{n \to \infty} f_n =f$

I understand the definition of a Banach space and I understand that to show completeness you have to show every Cauchy sequence is convergent in the space.

So I understand what this proof is trying to do but it doesn't make sense.

What I am looking for is a clearer, simpler and a more well explained proof to the question.

To show completeness, take a Cauchy sequence $(f_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\subseteq F_b(\Omega, X)$ and show, there exists $f\in F_b(\Omega, X)$ such that

$$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \Vert f - f_n \Vert_{b}=0.$$

As you already noted, one can construct a candidate for the limit of our sequence. Namely, we note that for fixed $x\in \Omega$ we have

$$\Vert f_n(x) - f_m(x) \Vert_X \leq \sup_{y\in \Omega} \Vert f_n(x) - f_m(x) \Vert_X = \Vert f_n -f_m \Vert_b.$$

Hence, $(f_n(x))_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ forms a Cauchy sequence in $X$ and so $f(x):=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} f_n(x)$ exists. This gives us our candidate.

First we need to check, whether $f\in F_b(\Omega, X)$. Indeed, let $x\in \Omega$, choose $n\in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\Vert f(x) - f_n(x) \Vert_X\leq 1$. Then

$$\Vert f(x) \Vert_X \leq \Vert f(x)-f_n(x) \Vert_X + \Vert f_n(x) \Vert_X \leq 1+ \Vert f_n \Vert_b.$$

Hence,

$$\Vert f \Vert_b \leq 1 + \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}} \Vert f_n \Vert_b.$$

Show that the RHS is bounded (use the fact that $(f_n)_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ is a Cauchy sequence). Now we are left to prove that $f_n \rightarrow f$. Let $\epsilon >0$. Fix $x\in \Omega$ and choose $N\in \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n,m\geq N$ holds

$$\Vert f_m - f_n \Vert_b \leq \frac{\epsilon}{2}.$$

Furthermore, choose $m_x\geq N$ such that

$$\Vert f(x) -f_{m_x}(x) \Vert_X < \frac{\epsilon}{2}.$$

For all $n\geq N$ we have then

$$\Vert f(x) -f_n(x) \Vert_X \leq \Vert f(x) -f_{m_x}(x) \Vert_X + \Vert f_{m_x}(x) -f_n(x) \Vert_X \leq \frac{\epsilon}{2} + \Vert f_n - f_{m_x} \Vert_b < \epsilon.$$

Thus for all $n \geq N$ we have

$$\Vert f -f_n \Vert_b < \epsilon.$$

This establishs $f_n \rightarrow f$ and hence the completeness of $F_b(\Omega, X)$.

• where did you get $\leq 1$ from? Apr 16, 2016 at 13:58
• This is how I have choosen my $n$ above. It is possible, as $f_n(x) \rightarrow f(x)$. You may replace 1 by any different number you like in the argument. Apr 16, 2016 at 14:01
• why do we have to show f is bounded? Apr 19, 2016 at 18:30
• Because the limit of our Cauchy sequence must lie in our space. Apr 19, 2016 at 19:46

You have the following typos:

1. the display after "yields" should read $$\|f_n(x)-f(x)\|<\epsilon$$ because you've taken the limit for $m\to\infty$ with $n$ fixed and you've used the continuity of the norm in $X$.

2. You're missing a $\|$ bracket before $f(x)\|$ elsewhere.

Now using the inequality in 1. and the triangle inequality (in the form $\|a\|\geq\|a+b\|-\|b\|$) you get $$\|f(x)\|<\epsilon+\|f_n(x)\|<\epsilon+\|f_n\|_b+\epsilon<B+\epsilon,$$ where $B=\sup_n\|f_n\|_b$ which is finite by your assumption that $(f_n)_{n\geq1}$ is Cauchy.

Noting that the last display yields an inequality that does not depend on $n$ (look at the two extremes) and \emph{for any $\epsilon>0$}, it follows that $$\|f(x)\|\leq B \text{ for all } x\in\Omega,$$ and thus $\|f\|_b\leq B$, whence $f\in F_b(\Omega,X)$.