Formula for the fourth side of a spherical quadrilateral Given two sides $a,b$ of a spherical triangle and the angle $C$ between them, the spherical law of cosines gives an elegant formula for the missing edge length $c$:
$$\cos c = \cos a \cos b+ \sin a \sin b \cos C.$$
I have a spherical quadrilateral and know the lengths of three consecutive edges $a,b,c$, and the angles between them $\theta_{ab}$ and $\theta_{bc}$. The last edge length (and its two adjacent angles) are unknown.
Is there an elegant formula for $\cos d$ in terms of the known lengths and angles, and preferably needing only the cosine (and not the sine) of $\theta_{ab}$ and $\theta_{bc}$?
I know it is possible to solve for $d$, for instance by arbitrarily diagonalizing the quad and then "cutting the ear" by solving for the new angles. But when I do this I get a horrible mess of trig, and am hoping that a simplified formula is known.
 A: After some manipulations, the nicest formula I've found so far is
$$\begin{align*} \cos d = \qquad &\cos a \cos b \cos c\\
+\ &\sin b\,\left(\sin a \cos c \cos \theta_{ab} + \cos a \sin c \cos \theta_{bc}\right)\\
+\ &\sin a \sin c\, \left(\sin \theta_{ab}\sin \theta_{bc} - \cos b \cos \theta_{ab} \cos \theta_{bc} \right).\end{align*}$$
I haven't checked my work too closesly, but the above does have the right symmetries, and reduces to the right formulas as any side length goes to zero.
I'm still hoping there are simplifications of the above, or a way of removing the sines of $\theta_{ab}$ and $\theta_{bc}$.
A: I was able to get the same result and then verify it using the tool GeoGebra. I haven't found any simpler expression either. I didn't understand the lingo "cutting the ear" at first but now see what you meant. For anyone else having trouble, here are the steps I used:


*

*Use the spherical law of cosines for sides to get $\cos l$, where $l$ is the diagonal opposite the angle $\theta_{ab}$.

*Use the spherical law of cosines for sides to get $\cos \theta_{bl}$, where $\theta_{bl}$ is the angle between the central edge, $b$, and the diagonal, $l$.

*Use the angle-difference relation to get $\cos \theta_{lc}$, where $\theta_{lc}$ is the angle between the diagonal, $l$, and the third edge, $c$.

*Use the spherical law of cosines for sides to get $\cos d$, where $d$ is the unknown edge. (Use spherical law of sines to eliminate $\sin l$ and $\sin\theta_{bl}$.)

