# If $f : A[X] \to B[X]$ is a ring homomorphism, then what can be said about $\text{deg}[f(P(X))]$?

Let $A,B$ be two rings and $f : A[X] \to B[X]$ is a ring homomorphism. The main question is:

What should be assumed on $f$ (or on $A$ and $B$) so that the degree of a polynomial $P(X) \in A[X]$ equals the degree of the polynomial $f(P(X)) \in B[X]$?

If I take $f=\text{ev}_0 : P \longmapsto P(0)$ then my condition is clearly not satisfied.

If I assume $f(1)=1$, $A = \Bbb Z$ (or $A=\Bbb Q$ I think) and if $f$ is bijective then $f(a_nX^n+...+a_1X+a_0)=a_nf(X)^n+...+a_1f(X)+a_0$ implies that the degree is preserved, I think.

But in general, does bijectivity of $f$ (and $f(1)=1$) is a sufficient condition? I only know that $$f(a_nX^n+...+a_1X+a_0)=f(a_n)f(X)^n+...+ f(a_1) f(X)+ f(a_0)$$ If I could show that $f(a) \in B$ for all $a\in A$ then I think that the degree is preserved.

Moreover, is bijectivity a necessary condition (this is just out of curiosity... I didn't found a counterexample)?

Thank you very much!

• Bijectivity is not necessary, consider the inclusion $R[X] \hookrightarrow S[X]$ for a ring $S$ and a proper subring $R \subsetneq S$. If both $A$ and $B$ have no zero-divisors then $\deg f(P) = \deg P$ for every $P \in A[X]$ should be equivalent to $\deg f(X) = 1$, i.e. that $f(X)$ is of the form $f(X) = b X + c$. – Jendrik Stelzner Feb 28 '16 at 13:31

I first point that you should always assume that $f(1) = 1$, that is part of the definition of a ring morphism. I will also assume that $A$ and $B$ are commutative (otherwise it gets a little trickier).

Then an obvious necessary condition for $f$ to preserve degree is that $f$ sends constants to constants, meaning that the restriction of $f$ to $A$ is a ring homomorphism from $A$ to $B$ (it is not automatic !). It should also be injective since otherwise you have $a\in A$ such that $f(a)=0$, hence $f(aX)=0$ so degree is not preserved.

Then the second condition is that $f(X)$ has degree $1$, hence $f(X)=aX + b$, with $a,b\in B$ and $a\neq 0$. Then if $P\in A[X]$ has highest-degree term $a_nX^n$, the highest-degree term of $f(P)$ is $f(a_n)a^nX^n$. Since you want this term to be non-zero, it follows that $a$ should not satisfy $xa^n=0$ for any non-zero $x\in A$ and $n\in \mathbb{N}$ (this is clearly satisfied if $a$ is not a zero divisor, and in particular when $B$ is a domain, but this needs not be the case).

On the other hand, if you want $f$ to be invertible, then first obviously you need its restriction to $A$ to be invertible, so $f$ is an isomorphism between $A$ and $B$. You also need $a$ to be invertible, and this is enough, since then you can define its inverse by the inverse of $f_{|A}$ on the elements of $B$, and $f^{-1}(X) = a^{-1}(X-b)$.

In conclusion : for $f$ to preserve degree is equivalent to $f_{ |A}$ being an injective homomorphism from $A$ to $B$, and $f(X) = aX+b$ with $a,b\in B$ and no power of $a$ being annihilated by an element of $f(A)\setminus \{0\}$ ; on the other hand, for $f$ to be bijective is equivalent to $f_{|A}$ being an isomorphism from $A$ to $B$ and $f(X) = aX + b$ with $a,b\in B$ and $a$ invertible. So clearly the second condition is stronger, and they are almost never equivalent (you would need huge restrictions on $A$ and $B$, though it does work for $A=B=\mathbb{Q}$).

• I have two questions: 1) when you say at the end "for $f$ to be bijective is equivalent to $f \vert_A$ being an isomorphism from $A$ to $B$", are you also supposing that $f$ preserves degree? Because I don't understand why we should have $f(A) \subset B$ only assuming that $f$ is an isomorphism. – Alphonse Mar 2 '16 at 18:41
• 2) Do you have an example of an isomorphism $f : A[X] \to B[X]$ which does not preserve degree? According to your last sentence, it is never possible. But wouldn't this question give a counterexample? – Alphonse Mar 2 '16 at 18:43
• (There is just a typo at the end, it should be $f(X)=aX+b$, not $aX+B$). – Alphonse Mar 2 '16 at 18:46
• Sure, thanks, I edited it. – Captain Lama Mar 2 '16 at 18:59
• Yes, I assume throughout my answer that $f$ preserves idegree, otherwise things get quite complicated, as you point out yourself. For an easy example of ring isomorphism that does not preserve degree, consider $A=B=k[T]$, and the isomorphism $k[T,X]\rightarrow k[T,X]$ exchanging $X$ and $T$ (sorry, I didn't see your questions before, I just read the last comment). – Captain Lama Mar 4 '16 at 19:33

One necessary condition is that the induced ring homomorphism in degree $0$. $f_0\colon A\to B$ is injective. This allows us to consider $A$ as a subring of $B$ from now on. Another necessary condition is that $f(X)=b_1X+b_0$ with $b_1\ne 0$. As an implication we have $f(a_nX^n+\ldots+a_0)=a_nb_1^nX^n+\ldots$, so what we additionally need is that multiplication with $b_1^n$ is injective on $A$. This is most easily achieved if $B$ has no divisors of zero at all ...