# Finite-dimensional complex representations of nilpotent Lie algebras over a subfield of $\Bbb{C}$

From Lie's theorem we know that the complex representations of any solvable Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ over a subfield of $\Bbb{C}$ are such that there exists a basis in which the representation matrices are upper triangular. Nilpotent Lie algebras are solvable, so Lie's theorem applies to them as well. Algebras of upper diagonal (finite-dimensional) matrices with zero diagonal entries are nilpotent Lie algebras (with the commutator bracket); moreover, from Engel's theorem, we know that the adjoint representation of a nilpotent Lie algebra admits a basis in which the representation matrices are upper triangular with zero diagonal entries. But is it true that for the representations of any nilpotent Lie algebra over a subfield of $\Bbb{C}$ there exists a basis in which the representation matrices are upper triangular with zero diagonal entries complex representations?

• No. $\mathfrak{g} = \mathbb{R}$ is already a counterexample. – Qiaochu Yuan Feb 20 '16 at 4:38
• Right. What about nilpotent (or even solvable) Lie algebras with zero center? – Giorgio Comitini Feb 20 '16 at 12:30
• Nontrivial nilpotent Lie algebras always have nonzero center, see here. – Dietrich Burde Feb 20 '16 at 12:33
• Ok. Then is there any hypothesis (apart from the trivial one: the algebra is an algebra of nilpotent endomorphisms) under which the representations have no diagonal entries)? – Giorgio Comitini Feb 20 '16 at 12:50
• @Giorgio: no Lie algebra has this property. By Ado's theorem it must be nilpotent, so in particular solvable, so has nonzero abelianization. But a nonzero abelian Lie algebra has nontrivial 1-dimensional representations that cannot be strictly upper triangularized. – Qiaochu Yuan Feb 20 '16 at 16:20