Can a countable set contain uncountably many infinite subsets such that the intersection of any two such distinct subsets is finite? Can a countable set contain uncountably many infinite subsets such that the intersection of any two such distinct subsets is finite?
 A: Yes. We know $\mathbb{N}$ and $\mathbb{Q}$ are equipotent so we choose a bijection $f:\mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{Q}$. We also know that $\mathbb{R}$ is equipotent to the set of equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences in $\mathbb{Q}$. For every $r \in \mathbb{R}$ choose $(q_{r,n})_n$ a representative from the equivalence class corresponding to $r$. Note that if $r_1\neq r_2 \in \mathbb{R}$ then $q_{r_1,n} = q_{r_2,n}$ for at most finitely many $n$. Since $f$ is a bijection we have that the sequences $(m_{r,n})_n := (f^{-1}(q_{r,n}))_n \subseteq \mathbb{N}$ share the same property. Since $\mathbb{R}$ is uncountable this concludes the proof; just choose the subset $N_\alpha$ to be the range of $m_\alpha$.
A: Let P be the set of all prime numbers, which is countable. Consider an infinite subset A = {$p_0,p_1,p_2...$} of primes from P arranged in an increasing order. We form $B_A$ = {$p_0,p_0p_1,p_0p_1p_2,...$} corresponding to A. 
Now, the prime factorization is unique for integers. Thus, if we choose another infinite subset $A_1$ of P different from A then the corresponding $B_{A_1}$ and $B_A$ has only finitely many elements in common. Since P is countably infinite, the number of different infinite subsets of P is continuum. Hence we are done.  
A: Another Solution: 
Since $\mathbb{N}$ and $\mathbb{N}\times\mathbb{N}$ are equivalent, and cardinality of $\mathbb{N}$ is $\omega$, we can work on $\mathbb{N}\times\mathbb{N}$. Fix a $m \in \mathbb{R}$, let $A_m$ be the set of points $(x,y) \in \mathbb{N}\times\mathbb{N}$, that are of distance $\leq 1$ from the line $y = mx$. $A_m$ is infinite as it has a point on every vertical line x=k (k=0,1,2,...) and for any 2 lines $y = mx$ and $y= m_1x$ for $m \neq m_1$ , there are only finite number of points lying of distance $\leq$ 1 from both, so, $\ A_m\cap \ A_{m_1}$ is finite. These sets $\ A_m$ are the required subsets which are continuum many.
A: For each $t\in(\frac1{10},1),$ take its decimal expansion (or one of its decimal expansions in case of non-uniqueness), and let $A_t$ be the set of all finite truncations of that decimal expansion, considered as positive integers. For example,
$$A_{\frac13}=\{3,\ 33,\ 333,\ 3333,\ 33333,\dots\},$$
$$A_{\pi-3}=\{1,\ 14,\ 141,\ 1415,\ 14159,\dots\}.$$
A: Pick $S = \cup_{n \in \mathbb N} \{0;1\}^{\{1;2;\ldots;n\}}$, the set of functions from a finite set to $\{0;1\}$.
For any function $f : \mathbb N \to \{0;1\}$, let $g(f) = \{ f|_{\{1;2;\ldots;n\}}, n \in \mathbb N\}$ : $g(f)$ is the subset of $S$ containing all the restrictions of $f$.
Then the set $\{g(f), f : \mathbb N \to \{0;1\}\}$ is an uncountable subset of $\mathcal P(S)$ (because $g$ is injective and there are uncountably many functions $f$) where any two distinct subsets have finite intersection (if $f_1$ and $f_2$ are distinct, they disagree at some integer $n$, from which all their restrictions are different).
Also, this is almost the same as picking $S$ as the set of finite subsets of $\mathbb{N}$, and $g : \mathcal P(\mathbb N) \to \mathcal P( S)$ the injection given by $g(X) = \{X \cap \{1 ; 2 ; \ldots n \}, n \in \mathbb N\}$.
A: Yes. For every $r\in\mathbb R$ choose a sequence of rational numbers $\{r_n\in\mathbb Q\mid n\in\mathbb  N\}$ which converges monotonically to $r$, this sequence is of course a subset of $\mathbb Q$ - a countable set.
If $r\neq s$ are two real numbers then the sequence we chose for them must intersect at a finite subset, otherwise we had a subsequence of the two which would converge to two different limit points.
Since $\mathbb R$ is uncountable (and in fact has cardinality as $\mathcal P(\mathbb Q)$) we have indeed uncountably many subsets of $\mathbb Q$ with the wanted property.
