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Alternately, let $M$ be an $n \times n$ matrix with entries in a commutative ring $R$. If $M$ has trivial kernel, is it true that $\det(M) \neq 0$?

This math.SE question deals with the case that $R$ is a polynomial ring over a field. There it was observed that there is a straightforward proof when $R$ is an integral domain by passing to the fraction field.

In the general case I have neither a proof nor a counterexample. Here are three general observations about properties that a counterexample $M$ (trivial kernel but zero determinant) must satisfy. First, recall that the adjugate $\text{adj}(M)$ of a matrix $M$ is a matrix whose entries are integer polynomials in those of $M$ and which satisfies $$M \text{adj}(M) = \det(M).$$

If $\det(M) = 0$ and $\text{adj}(M) \neq 0$, then some column of $\text{adj}(M)$ lies in the kernel of $M$. Thus:

If $M$ is a counterexample, then $\text{adj}(M) = 0$.

When $n = 2$, we have $\text{adj}(M) = 0 \Rightarrow M = 0$, so this settles the $2 \times 2$ case.

Second observation: recall that by Cayley-Hamilton $p(M) = 0$ where $p$ is the characteristic polynomial of $M$. Write this as $$M^k q(M) = 0$$

where $q$ has nonzero constant term. If $q(M) \neq 0$, then there exists some $v \in R^n$ such that $w = q(M) v \neq 0$, hence $M^k w = 0$ and one of the vectors $w, Mw, M^2 w,\dots, M^{k-1} w$ necessarily lies in the kernel of $M$. Thus if $M$ is a counterexample we must have $q(M) = 0$ where $q$ has nonzero constant term.

Now for every prime ideal $P$ of $R$, consider the induced action of $M$ on $F^n$, where $F = \overline{ \text{Frac}(R/P) }$. Then $q(\lambda) = 0$ for every eigenvalue $\lambda$ of $M$. Since $\det(M) = 0$, one of these eigenvalues over $F$ is $0$, hence it follows that $q(0) \in P$. Since this is true for all prime ideals, $q(0)$ lies in the intersection of all the prime ideals of $R$, hence

If $M$ is a counterexample and $q$ is defined as above, then $q(0)$ is nilpotent.

This settles the question for reduced rings. Now, $\text{det}(M) = 0$ implies that the constant term of $p$ is equal to zero, and $\text{adj}(M) = 0$ implies that the linear term of $p$ is equal to zero. It follows that if $M$ is a counterexample, then $M^2 \mid p(M)$. When $n = 3$, this implies that $$q(M) = M - \lambda$$

where $\lambda$ is nilpotent, so $M$ is nilpotent and thus must have nontrivial kernel. So this settles the $3 \times 3$ case.

Third observation: if $M$ is a counterexample, then it is a counterexample over the subring of $R$ generated by the entries of $M$, so

We may assume WLOG that $R$ is finitely-generated over $\mathbb{Z}$.

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  • $\begingroup$ Out of curiosity, how did this question come up? $\endgroup$ – Mike B Jun 22 '12 at 6:40
  • $\begingroup$ @Mike: it came up in the linked math.SE thread. At first I was under the impression that this could be proven using abstract nonsense but after playing around with the question a bit this seemed not to be the case. $\endgroup$ – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 22 '12 at 6:45
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    $\begingroup$ I should have read the comments more closely. Lang has a section on determinants, chapter 13, section 4 in Algebra. It looks like his rings are only assumed commutative, but he has a sneaky habit of assuming more at a random point and not mentioning it after. $\endgroup$ – Mike B Jun 22 '12 at 6:54
  • $\begingroup$ @QiaochuYuan, I think that Ex. 5.23A in Lam's Exercises in modules and rings, which deals with McCoy's rank, does it for you. $\endgroup$ – Mariano Suárez-Álvarez Jun 22 '12 at 6:59
  • $\begingroup$ @Mariano: unfortunately I do not have access to this text. If you'd like to quote it in an answer I'll accept that. $\endgroup$ – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 22 '12 at 7:02
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Yes, such an injective morphism has non-zero determinant.

Actually, if $M$ is a finitely generated free module over the commutative ring $R$ and $u:M\to M$ is an endomorphism, one has the precise equivalence: $$u \;\text {is injective}\iff \det(u) \; \text {is not a zero divisor in}\; R.$$ The proof is based on the fact that elements $m_1,m_2, \ldots ,m_n\in M$ form a linearly independent set iff there exists a non-zero $0\neq \lambda\in R$ with $\lambda (m_1\wedge m_2\wedge \ldots\wedge m_n)=0\in \Lambda^nM$.

You can find the details in Bourbaki, Algebra, III, ยง7, Proposition 3, page 524.

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    $\begingroup$ Oh, this is a very nice argument! Exactly the kind of thing I was looking for. $\endgroup$ – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 22 '12 at 7:34
  • $\begingroup$ Thanks, I'm glad you like it, Qiaochu. $\endgroup$ – Georges Elencwajg Jun 22 '12 at 7:46
  • $\begingroup$ I'm sure I'm just being silly, but can you explain the very last step of the proof of Proposition 12 on page 520? I'm having trouble seeing why the existence of $f$ implies that $\mu x_1$ is a linear combination of etc. $\endgroup$ – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 22 '12 at 8:01
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    $\begingroup$ Dear Qiaochu, I think the Master was a little absent-minded and He meant to use Corollary 3 of §7.4, page 512. That corollary (in which you have to replace $x_2$ by $\lambda x_2$) implies that $f(\lambda x_2,...)x_1=\mu x_1= f(x_1,x_3,...)\lambda x_2-f(x_1, \lambda x_2, x_4,...)x_3+...$ Since $\mu\neq 0$ we immediately deduce hat $x_1,x_2,...,x_n$ are linearly dependent. $\endgroup$ – Georges Elencwajg Jun 22 '12 at 8:56
  • $\begingroup$ Thanks for the insightful comment! I like how Jacobson just casually throws in this exercise in his Basic Algebra 1. I think proving the $\Leftarrow$ implication is not trivial, although you and Anonymous below have provided excellent proofs. $\endgroup$ – Juan Carlos Ortiz May 28 '19 at 16:12
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Lam's Exercises in modules and rings includes the following:

enter image description here

which tells us that your determinant is not a zero-divisor.

The paper where McCoy does that is [Remarks on divisors of zero, MAA Monthly 49 (1942), 286--295] If you have JStor access, this is at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2303094

There is a pretty corollary there: a square matrix is a zero-divisor in the ring of matrices over a commmutative ring iff its determinant is a zero divisor.

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    $\begingroup$ Many thanks, Mariano! I'm going to follow my own advice and wait a little before accepting an answer in case someone can come up with a different proof. $\endgroup$ – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 22 '12 at 7:15
  • $\begingroup$ McCoy's paper is quite nice, in any case: a ten paper page which starts by defining what a ring is and manages to get to quite interesting stuff is not often spotted in nature! :) $\endgroup$ – Mariano Suárez-Álvarez Jun 22 '12 at 7:18
  • $\begingroup$ I would love to read it but I won't have JSTOR access for another week or so... $\endgroup$ – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 22 '12 at 7:31
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The argument from Bourbaki referenced in Georges Elencwajg's answer is exactly the kind of argument I was hoping would work so let me record it here, with some simplifications.

Proposition: Let $m_1, ... m_n$ be elements of some $R$-module $M$ which are linearly dependent. Then there exists nonzero $r \in R$ such that $r (m_1 \wedge ... \wedge m_n) = 0$ in $\Lambda^n(M)$.

Proof. If $\sum r_i m_i = 0$ is a linear dependence, assume WLOG that $r_1 \neq 0$. Then $r_1 m_1 = - \sum_{i \ge 2} r_i m_i$, so by basic properties of the wedge product we find that $(r_1 m_1) \wedge m_2 \wedge ... \wedge m_n = 0$, so we can take $r = r_1$.

Proposition: If $M$ is free then the converse holds.

Proof. We proceed by induction on $n$. If $n = 1$ this is clear. In general, suppose that there exists a nonzero $r$ such that $$r (m_1 \wedge ... \wedge m_n) = 0.$$

If $r (m_2 \wedge ... \wedge m_n) = 0$, then by the inductive hypothesis $m_2, ..., m_n$ are linearly dependent and we are done, so suppose otherwise. Then $r (m_2 \wedge ... \wedge m_n) \neq 0$. Hence, using the fact that $\Lambda^{n-1}(M)$ is also free (this is crucial!), we conclude that there exists an alternating $n-1$-form $f : M^{n-1} \to R$ such that $$f(r m_2, ..., m_n) = s \neq 0$$ (because of the following fact: if $g$ is a nonzero vector in a free $R$-module $F$, then there exists some $R$-linear map $\alpha : F \to R$ such that $\alpha(g) \neq 0$).

But since $m_1 \wedge (rm_2) \wedge ... \wedge m_n = 0$, the alternating $n$-form $$x_1 f(x_2, ..., x_n) - x_2 f(x_1, x_3, ..., x_n) \pm ...$$ necessarily vanishes on it, so $$m_1 f(rm_2, ..., m_n) = m_1 s = rm_2 f(m_1, m_3, ..., m_n) \mp ...$$ and we conclude that the $m_i$ are linearly dependent.

Corollary: Let $f : M \to N$ be an injective map of free modules. Then the induced map $\Lambda(f) : \Lambda(M) \to \Lambda(N)$ is also injective.

Proof. Suppose otherwise. Let $e_i, i \in I$ be an ordered basis of $M$. For a finite subset $S$ of $I$, let $e_S$ denote the wedge of all of the elements of $S$ (in the order determined by the order of $I$). If $\Lambda(f)$ is not injective, then let $\sum c_S e_S$ be some element of its kernel. Since the kernel is a two-sided ideal (because $\Lambda(f)$ is a ring homomorphism), we may freely take exterior products on either side (this is also crucial!). Now, if $\sum c_S e_S$ has at least two nonzero terms in it, then there exists $i$ such that $e_i$ appears in some term but not every term, so it follows that $$\sum c_S e_S \wedge e_i \in \text{ker}(\Lambda(f))$$

as well. This is an element of the kernel with strictly fewer nonzero terms. Hence an element of the kernel with the minimal number of nonzero terms necessarily has a single nonzero term $c_S e_S$. Writing this as $$c_S e_1 \wedge ... \wedge e_k$$

and applying $\Lambda(f)$ we get $$c_S f(e_1) \wedge ... \wedge f(e_k) = 0.$$

By the above, it follows that $f(e_1), ... f(e_k)$ are linearly dependent, but this contradicts $f$ injective.

Corollary: Let $f : R^n \to R^n$ be an endomorphism of a free module. Then $f$ is injective if and only if $\det(f)$ is not a zero divisor.

Proof. By the above, if $f$ is injective then $\Lambda^n(f) : \Lambda^n(R^n) \to \Lambda^n(R^n)$ is also injective. Since it acts by multiplication by $\det(f)$, we conclude that $\det(f)$ is not a zero divisor. If $f$ is not injective then some $\lambda_1 e_1 + \lambda_2 e_2 + \cdots + \lambda_n e_n$ lies in the kernel of $\Lambda(f)$, where not all $\lambda_i$ are $0$; thus, by taking exterior products we conclude that $\lambda_i e_1 \wedge ... \wedge e_n$ also lies in the kernel of $\Lambda(f)$ for all $i$, and therefore $\lambda_i \det(f) = 0$ for all $i$.

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  • $\begingroup$ @ Georges Elencwajg :Since this answer is based on your reference may I ask you some doubt ? In proposition 2 . why we will get an alternating (n-1)-multilinear form which is non zero at $(rm_2,\cdots,m_n)$ ! We know that $\{rm_2,\cdots,m_n\}$ is an linearly independent set in the free module $M.$ $\endgroup$ – user371231 Apr 11 '18 at 11:18
  • $\begingroup$ @user371231: Added some details to that argument. $\endgroup$ – darij grinberg Nov 14 '18 at 2:16
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Here is an elementary proof of the fact that if the determinant $D$ of an $n \times n$ matrix M is a zero-divisor, then there is a nonzero vector $X$ such that $MX = 0$.

Let $a$ be a nonzero scalar such that $aD = 0$. Let $M'$ be a square submatrix of $M$ of maximum size $r$ such that $a \det M' \ne 0$. (If there is no such submatrix, let $r = 0$.) We have $r < n$ by the definition of $a$. After permuting the rows and columns of $M$ if necessary, we may assume that $M'$ is located in the top left corner of $M$.

Let $M''$ be the $r \times (r + 1)$ matrix in the top left corner of $M$, and let $d_j$, for $j = 1, \dots, r+1$, be the minor of $M''$ obtained by deleting its $j$th column.

Now define $X = aX_0$, where $$X_0 = (d_1, -d_2, \dots, (-1)^r d_{r+1}, 0, \dots, 0).$$ We have $ad_{r+1} = a\det M' \ne 0$, so $X \ne 0$.

I claim that $MX = 0$. If $i > r$, then the $i$th coordinate of $MX_0$ is, up to sign, the minor of $M$ obtained from its first $r + 1$ columns and rows $1, 2, \dots, r, i$. By the definition of $r$, this minor becomes zero upon multiplication by $a$. When $i \leq r$, the the $i$th coordinate of $MX_0$ is zero because it is, up to sign, the determinant obtained by extending $M''$ with its own $i$th row. This proves the claim.

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