While you can get the $k$th factorial moment from the generating function, you can also calculate the value directly-here's how.
First rewrite:
$$\mathbb{E}[(X)_k] = \sum_{x\geq 0} {x+r-1 \choose x} (x)_k q^xp^r,$$
by taking out $q^k$ and $p^r$ to get
$$p^rq^k\sum_{x\geq 0} {x+r-1 \choose x} (x)_k q^{x-k}.$$ Note here for brevity, I write $q=1-p$.
Next use $D^kx^a=(a)_kx^{a-k}$ where $D$ is the derivative operator.
$$p^rq^k\sum_{x\geq 0} {x+r-1 \choose x} (x)_k q^{x-k} = p^rq^k\sum_{x\geq 0} {x+r-1 \choose x} (-D)^kq^{x}.$$
Now take interchange the sum and derivative operator-you can show that this is a valid operation in this context via Fubini's theorem. Now consider,
$$p^rq^k(-D)^k \underbrace{\sum_{x\geq 0} {x+r-1 \choose x} q^{x}}_{=p^{-r}}=p^rq^k(-D)^kp^{-r}.$$
Now you can also show that $(-D)^kp^{-r} = r^{(k)}p^{-(r+k)}$, where the $r^{(k)}$ denotes a rising factorial. Using this fact gives us
$$p^rq^kr^{(k)}p^{-(r+k)},$$
which simplifies to
$$\left(\frac{q}{p}\right)^kr^{(k)}.$$
For $r=1$ this gives the formula for the $k$th factorial moment of a geometric random variable, $k!\left(\frac{q}{p}\right)^k.$
This is a-slightly-different approach than the generating function but gives you the same formula. Notice that I wrote the negative binomial as failures before the $r$th success and the OP and the other answer written give the formula where the definition is number of successes before the $r$th failure so to compare you need to change my $p$s and $q$ to match.