Submodules and quotients of finitely generated modules Let $G$ be a finitely generated abelian group whose free part has rank $r$.  I know that every subgroup $H$ is finitely generated and has free part of rank $s\leq r$, and that also $G/H$ is finitely generated with free part of rank $r-s$.
I was wondering if this extends also to arbitrary modules, or at least to modules over a PID.  I can't find it anywhere.
Is it true?  If so, where can I find this theorem?
 A: This does not extend to arbitrary modules.  For example, if $M = \Bbb Z\oplus \Bbb Z$, then $G=M$ is a rank-1 free $M$-module, but letting $H=\Bbb Z$, we have $G/H=\Bbb Z$, and neither one has any free rank.  Other non-trivial examples exist.
However, for modules over a PID this does hold, as someone commented while I was typing up a proof of this fact from my head.
My proof:

If $G$ is a finitely generated module, then it can be decomposed as a direct sum of cyclic submodules. How can I derive from this fact that a submodule $H$ of $G$ is finitely generated?

Suppose free-rank($G$) is $r$, and $H$ is a submodule of $G$, with free-rank($H$)=$s$, say $e_1, \cdots, e_s$ generate the free part of $H$.  Since they are, by construction, linearly independent, then they can be completed to a set {$e_i$} of $r$ linearly-independent elements of $G$.  Since for these $e_i$ generate a torsion-free module, then for $i>s$, $e_i\notin H$.  Then $H/\langle e_i\rangle\leq G/\langle e_i\rangle$ is a torsion module, and so finite, since $G$ is finitely generated.  So $H/\langle e_i\rangle$ is finite, thus finitely generated, and $H\leq\{e_1, \cdots, e_s\}\oplus H/\langle e_i\rangle$ is finitely generated.

Supposing $H$ is finitely generated, then also $H$ can be decomposed in a direct sum of cyclic modules. From this, how can I deduce the quotient (which is obviously finitely generated) has free part of rank $r−s$?

To deduce that the free part has rank $r−s$, simply look at the quotient $G_i/H_i$ and add.  For $\{e_1, \cdots, e_r\}$, this rank will be 0, and for {$e_{r+1}, \cdots, e_s$} it will be 1; for the torsion parts of $G$ it will be 0.
A: For modules over a PID $R$ you can try to prove the following.

Lemma: The rank of a finitely generated module $M$ is the dimension of $M \otimes_R \text{Frac}(R)$, where $\text{Frac}(R)$ is the fraction field of $R$.

This is a straightforward corollary of the structure theorem. Since tensoring with $\text{Frac}(R)$ is exact, a short exact sequence of finitely generated modules becomes a short exact sequence of $K$-vector spaces, and then you can reduce to the corresponding statement for vector spaces.
Over an arbitrary commutative ring $R$ it's unclear what one ought to mean by the rank of a finitely generated module. There's a good answer to this question under the additional hypothesis that $M$ is projective and a pretty good answer, although it does not spit out a single number, under the additional hypothesis that $M$ is flat. 
