# What does it mean for a sequence of sheaves to be exact

Let $F, G, H$ be sheaves on a topological space $X$, and let $$F \xrightarrow{\alpha} G \xrightarrow{\beta} H$$ be morphisms of sheaves. By definition, $\textrm{Ker } \beta$ is the subpresheaf $U \mapsto \textrm{Ker}(\beta(U))$ of $G$, and it is in fact a sheaf. If $O$ is the subpresheaf of $G$ given by $U \mapsto \textrm{Image}(\alpha(U))$, then $\textrm{Im } \alpha$ is defined to be any sheafification of $O$. Let $\theta: O \rightarrow \textrm{Im } \alpha$ be a morphism of presheaves such that the pair $(\textrm{Im } \alpha, \theta)$ satisfies the universal property for sheafification.

I've seen the definition that the sequence above is exact if $\textrm{Ker } \beta = \textrm{Im } \alpha$, but I'm confused as to what this really means. I am aware that the sheafification $(\textrm{Im } \alpha, \theta)$ may be chosen to literally be a subsheaf of $G$ (from the fact that $\theta$ preserves an isomorphism on the stalks, and a morphism of sheaves is injective on the sections if and only if it is injective on the stalks). But even so, any sheafification of $O$ which is a subsheaf of $G$ need not be uniquely determined (as far as I can see). Can anyone clarify what it means for a sequence of sheaves to be exact?

• I should write an answer later, but the sheafification as a subsheaf here is extremely unique. – Hoot Dec 5 '15 at 20:39
• I would love it if you also wrote an answer. – D_S Dec 6 '15 at 1:20

The image of a map is defined to be the sheafification of $Im^{pre}$. By the universal property of the sheafification this sheaf is unique up to unique isomorphism. Now as you already mentioned there is a natural injection $i: Im(\alpha) \rightarrow G$. We can now define the above sequence to be exact if $i(Im(\alpha))=Ker(\beta)$.

Edit: To see why this works assume the two sheafs $Im(\alpha)$ and $Im(\alpha)^{'}$ are both sheafifications of the sheaf $Im^{pre}(\alpha)$(with natural maps $\theta$ and $\theta ^{'}$). If $j:Im^{pre}(\alpha)\rightarrow G$ is the inclusion map and $\phi: Im(\alpha)) \rightarrow Im(\alpha))'$ the unique isomprhism, then $i \theta=j$. But since $i^{'} \theta ^{'}=j$ and $\theta ^{'}=\phi \theta$, by uniqueness we have $i{'} \phi=i$. Thus $i(Im(\alpha))=i'(Im(\alpha '))$.

• And $i(Im(\alpha))$ does not depend on the choice of original sheafification $(Im(\alpha), \theta)$ by the universal property. So in other words, I can say that there is a canonical sheafification of $O$ which is a subsheaf of $G$? (which is not the same thing as saying there is a unique subsheaf of $G$ which is a sheafification of $O$, I don't expect that to be true). – D_S Dec 5 '15 at 18:50
• Exactly. I edited the answer, it now contains the purely formal argument that shows that the images under the inclusion maps dont depend on the given sheafification. – math635 Dec 5 '15 at 19:48
• Thank you for the excellent answer. – D_S Dec 6 '15 at 1:02

Let's take an example, a piece of the Poincare sequence on a smooth manifold $M$

$$\Omega^k_M \overset{d_k}{\to}\Omega^{k+1}_M \overset{d_{k+1}}{\to} \Omega^{k+2}_M$$

It is exact at the term $\Omega^{k+1}(M)$. This means two things:

First, $d_{k+1}\circ d_k=0$.

Second, for every open subset $U$ of $M$ and $\omega \in \Omega^{k+1}_M(U)$ a $k+1$-differential form with $d \omega = 0$, there exists a covering $V_i$ of $U$ and $\eta_i \in \Omega^k_M(V_i)$ so that $d_k(\eta_i)= \omega_{|V_i}$ ( any closed form is ${\it locally}$ exact).

• I don't see how your answer try to answer the O.P's question. Can you elaborate? – Babai Dec 6 '15 at 7:09