# Intuitive or visual understanding of the real projective plane

If we take the definition of a real projective space $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^n$ as the space $S^n$ modulo the antipodal map ($x\sim -x$), it is possible to see that $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^1$ is topologically equivalent to the circle. It is equivalent to the upper half of the circle where the two end points are glued together - i.e. another circle.

Is there an intuitive or visual way of understanding the real projective plane, $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$? By the same intuitive reasoning, it seems that $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$ should be topologically equivalent to the upper half of $S^2$ with the antipodal equivalence on the rim. This is the definition of $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^1$, where the antipodal map doesn't change the topology, so it seems that $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$ should simply be the upper half of $S^2$ as well.

This is clearly wrong, however, since $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$ cannot be imbedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$. What is the fault in this reasoning, and is there an intuitive or visual way to imagine the real projective plane?

There are some interesting constructive ways to visualize $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$. I think the simplest way is as follow:

First, we prepare a Whitney umbrella, which is homeomorphic to the upper half of $S^2$ :

Let's check the points to quotient (be glued).

After gluing, the red and blue paths should match their start points and the end points respectively so that their antipodal points are matched.

In the picture of half $S^2$ their start points are far from each others' start points now, while Whitney Umbrella has the two start points meet together.

Now we can just bend the umbrella and glue the edge:

And get a cross-cap, which is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$.

I cannot color it with two color since it is not "two sided" now.

Many books suggest Möbius strip for intuition. It is a little bit more difficult but more interesting to visualize that $\pi_1(\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2)$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_2$.

• Both of these answers are really great so it's really hard to decide, but I'll accept this answer because of the step-by-step construction. Thank you! – Byung-Cheol Cho Dec 9 '15 at 8:26


As for seeing the result of the antipodal identification, the first drawings I understood were in Spivak (Volume I...?). The gist is:

The shaded surface is a disk/hemisphere with its boundary divided in quarters and colored blue and red alternately. The pinching in the middle represents identification of a pair of antipodal boundary points. Now deform the boundary upward as shown, so that the blue arcs become consistently oriented in space, and similarly for the red arcs. To complete the cross-gluing (signified by the open mesh near the top), the surface has to pass through itself; the combined blue arcs and the combined red arcs coincide in the final model.

• You may want to look through the wikipedia article on the [Real projective plane][1] to get fuller description of the construction, and see some other ways of almost embedding it into $\Bbb R^3$. [1]: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_plane – Paul Sinclair Dec 5 '15 at 17:59
• "You" meaning the OP, I take it.... :) – Andrew D. Hwang Dec 5 '15 at 21:33
• Indeed. I should have been more clear in my wording. And also still need to figure out how to do a link properly in a comment. – Paul Sinclair Dec 5 '15 at 21:36
• @Paul: The code [text](link url) should make text a link to the specified URL. :) – Andrew D. Hwang Dec 5 '15 at 21:57
• Let me give that a try: Real projective plane – Paul Sinclair Dec 5 '15 at 22:01