Colliding Bullets I saw this problem yesterday on reddit and I can't come up with a reasonable way to work it out.


Once per second, a bullet is fired starting from $x=0$ with a uniformly random speed in $[0,1]$. If two bullets collide, they both disappear. If we fire $N$ bullets, what is the probability that at least one bullet escapes to infinity? What if we fire an infinite number of bullets?

Attempt.

*

*If $N$ is two, then it's equal to the probability that the first bullet is faster than the second, which is $\dfrac{1}{2}$.


*If $N$ is odd, the probability of three bullets or more colliding in the same spot is $0$, so we can safely ignore this event. And since collisions destroy two bullets then there will be an odd number of bullets at the end. So at least one escapes to infinity.
For infinite bullets, I suspect that no single bullet will escape to infinity, but that they'll reach any arbitrarily big number. Although, I'm not sure on how I'd begin proving it.
Is there a closed form solution for even $N$? Or some sort of asymptotic behavior?
 A: Among the $N$ bullets fired at time $0,1,2...N$ (with $N$ even), let us call $B_{\max, N}$ the one with the highest velocity. We have two cases:

*

*if $B_{\max, N}$ is the first bullet that has been fired, then it will escape to infinity: the probability of this event is $\dfrac{1}{N}$;


*if $B_{\max, N}$ is any one of the other bullets (probability $\dfrac{N-1}{N}$), we can consider the pair of consecutive bullets $B_k$ and $B_{k+1}$ where the expected time to collision is the shortest (with $B_{k+1}$, fired at time $k+1$, faster than $B_{k}$, fired at time $k$). This pair will be the first to collide.
Now let us cancel out the two bullets that have collided, so that there remain $N-2$ bullets.  Applying the same considerations explained above, we can call $B_{\max, N-2}$ the bullet with the highest velocity among these remaining $N-2$ ones (note that $B_{\max, N}$ and $B_{\max, N-2}$ can be the same bullet, since the first pair that collides does not necessary include $B_{\max, N}$). Again, we have two cases:

*

*if $B_{\max, N-2}$ is the first bullet that has been fired among the $N-2$ ones that now we are considering, then it will escape to infinity: assuming uniformity,the probability of this event is $\dfrac{1}{N-2}$;


*if $B_{\max, N-2}$ is any one of the other bullets, then it will not escape to infinity, since it will necessary collide with a bullet that, among these $N-2$ ones, has been fired before it:  the probability of this event is $\dfrac{N-3}{N-2}$. Again we can now consider the pair of consecutive bullets $B_j$ and $B_{j+1}$ (with $B_{j+1}$ faster than $B_{j}$) where the expected time to collision is the shortest. This pair will be the second to collide.
Continuing in this way we get that the probability that none of the bullets escape to infinity is
$$\frac{(N-1)!!}{N!!}$$
that is equivalent to
$$\frac{[(N-1)!!]^2}{N!}$$
EDIT: This answer assumes that, in any step, the probability that $B_{\max, N-2k}$ is the first fired bullet among the remaining $N-2k$ ones is $\dfrac{1}{N-2k}$. This uniformity assumption remains to be demonstrated.
A: We recently posted a result about survival of the first bullet with infinitely many bullets taking uniform speeds from a discrete set:
https://128.84.21.199/abs/1610.00282
The canonical example is when speeds are from {1,2,3}. We show that an initial bullet with speed 2 survives with positive probability, while an initial bullet with speed 1 is annihilated almost surely. 
A: Just for reference, I found a recent (yes, it's a today's posting!) arXiv paper about this problem and its variants.
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.00789
If I skimmed over correctly, it considers various scenarios about randomness of bullet speeds and shooting interval and shows that the number of survival bullets have all the same distributions.
A: I did some experiment with Mathematica for even $N$ and found some regularities, but I don't have an explanation for them at the moment.
1) If we fix $N$ different speeds for the bullets and count how many bullets escape to infinity for all the $N!$ permutations of those speeds among bullets, then the result doesn't seem to depend on the chosen speeds. In particular, I consistently found that only in $\bigl((N-1)!!\bigr)^2$ cases out of $N!$ no bullet reaches infinity (checked for $N$ equal to 4, 6, 8, 10).
2) Running a simulation (1,000,000 trials) the probability that no bullet reaches infinity is consistent with the above result, i.e. $\bigl((N-1)!!\bigr)^2/N!$, for $N$ equal to 4, 6, 8.
