# A gamma function inequality

I would like to prove $$\frac{\Gamma(n+\frac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(n+1)} \le \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}$$ for all natural $n \ge 1$. The inequality does seem to be true numerically, but the proof eludes me.

• Stirling would be of great service... Dec 22, 2010 at 16:50
• Have you tried a proof by induction? Do you know the value of $\Gamma(\pi)$?
– cch
Dec 22, 2010 at 17:05
• @cch: Yes, and yes. Dec 22, 2010 at 17:23
• On reconsideration: Yes, and no. Dec 22, 2010 at 17:31
• @J. M.: Maybe looking at some specific proof of Stirling's formula would help - but to me that is an asymptotic formula. Dec 22, 2010 at 19:15

Here's a direct proof:

The gamma function satisfies $\Gamma(n+1) = n \Gamma(n)$, so the function $g(x) = \ln \Gamma(x)$ satisfies $g(n+1) = \ln n + g(n)$. In other words, the line segment between the points $(n,g(n))$ and $(n+1,g(n+1))$ has slope $\ln n$.

Moreover, $g$ is known to be a convex function for $x>0$ (cf. the Bohr–Mollerup theorem), so the point $(n+1/2, g(n+1/2))$ lies below that line segment: $g(n+1/2) < g(n+1) - \frac12 \ln n$. Exponentiating both sides gives $\Gamma(n+1/2) < \Gamma(n+1) / \sqrt{n}$, as desired.

• I suspect that Gautschi's inequality is proved in a similar way. Incidentally, $n$ doesn't have to be an integer. Dec 22, 2010 at 19:59
• For a proof that $\Gamma$ is log-convex (using Hölder's inequality), see PlanetMath: planetmath.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&id=3808. Dec 24, 2010 at 15:49
• Here is a proof of the log-convexity of $\Gamma$ using Young's Inequality.
– robjohn
Jan 27, 2012 at 11:54

For a completely elementary proof let

$$I_n= \int_0^{ \pi/2} \sin^n x \textrm{ d}x$$

then integration by parts gives

$$I_n = \frac{n-1}{n} I_{n-2} . \quad (1)$$

From which we get

$$I_{2n}= \frac{2n-1}{2n} \frac{2n-3}{2n-2} \cdots \frac{1}{2} \frac{\pi}{2} \quad (2)$$

and

$$I_{2n+1}= \frac{2n}{2n+1} \frac{2n-2}{2n-1} \cdots \frac{2}{3} . \quad (3)$$

Since $\sin^{2n+1} x < \sin^{2n} x$ for $x \in (0,\pi/2)$ we have

$$I_{2n+1}< I_{2n} . \quad (4)$$

Also, from $(1)$ we have $(2n+1)I_{2n+1} = 2nI_{2n-1} > 2nI_{2n}$ since $I_{2n-1} >I_{2n}.$

Therefore using this and $(4)$

$$\frac{2n+1}{2n} > \frac{ I_{2n} }{ I_{2n+1} } > 1 . \quad (5)$$

But from $(2)$ and $(3)$

$$\frac{ I_{2n} }{ I_{2n+1} } = \frac{2n+1}{2} \frac{ (2n!)^2 }{ 4^{2n} (n!)^4 } \pi .$$

Putting this in $(5)$ gives

$$\frac{1}{ \sqrt{n} } > \frac{1}{4^n} { 2n \choose n } \sqrt{ \pi } > \frac{1}{ \sqrt{ n + 1/2} }.$$

i.e.

$$\frac{1}{ \sqrt{n} } > \frac{ \Gamma(n + 1/2) }{ \Gamma(n+1) } > \frac{1}{ \sqrt{ n + 1/2} }.$$

• Tsk, I was expecting that it would be Moron who would post this proof... :D Dec 23, 2010 at 1:01
• @J.M. Yes, one develops a feel for the sort of mathematics that our members enjoy. Dec 23, 2010 at 8:29
• @J.M: Wallis! Wallis! Wallis! :-) Dec 23, 2010 at 16:56

This follows directly from Gautschi's inequality, valid for $0 < s < 1$ and $x > 0$:

$$x^{1-s} < \frac{\Gamma(x+1)}{\Gamma(x+s)} < (x+1)^{1-s}.$$

As a side note, the link is to NIST's new (as of this year) Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. The DLMF is an update of the classic Abramowitz and Stegun text, Handbook of Mathematical Functions.

• Mike, I hope you don't mind if I changed the link to link directly to the formula. In any event, DLMF gives this as the reference for Gautschi's inequality; sadly there seems to be no digital archive for the Journal of Mathematics and Physics. Dec 23, 2010 at 8:39
• @J.M.: That's fine. Dec 23, 2010 at 16:44

To elaborate on Shai Covo's answer:

$$2n\left[{2n\choose n} 4^{-n}\right]^2 = {1\over2}\,{3\over2}\,{3\over4}\,{5\over4}\cdots {{2n-1}\over{2n-2}}\,{{2n-1}\over{2n}} ={1\over 2}\prod_{j=2}^n\left(1+{1\over4j(j-1)}\right).$$

By Wallis's formula, the middle expression converges to $2\over\pi$. The right hand expression shows that it is strictly increasing. Therefore, multiplying by $\pi/2$ and taking square roots shows that
$$\sqrt{n\pi}{2n\choose n} 4^{-n}\uparrow 1.$$

Since $$\Gamma \bigg(n + \frac{1}{2}\bigg) = \frac{{(2n)!}}{{4^n n!}}\sqrt \pi$$ (see e.g. here), we have $$\frac{{\Gamma (n + \frac{1}{2})}}{{\Gamma (n+1)}} = \frac{{{2n \choose n}}}{{4^n }}\sqrt \pi .$$ This might be very useful, but I have to check.

• Well, at least Byron found this useful... Dec 23, 2010 at 1:09
• Yes, so I'll vote it up.
– user940
Dec 23, 2010 at 3:10

I've come up with yet another proof:
Lemma. Let $0<\alpha<z$. Then $\Gamma(z)<\sqrt{\Gamma(z-\alpha)\Gamma(z+\alpha)}$.
Proof: $$\Gamma(z)=\int_0^{\infty} t^{z-1}e^{-t}dt=\int_0^{\infty} t^{\frac{(z-\alpha)-1}{2}} t^{\frac{(z+\alpha)-1}{2}} e^{-t}dt=\langle\cdot^{\frac{(z-\alpha)-1}{2}},\;\cdot^{\frac{(z+\alpha)-1}{2}} \rangle,\\$$ where $\langle f,\;g \rangle:=\int_0^{\infty} f(t)g(t)e^{-t}dt$. Now apply Cauchy–Schwarz inequality and since functions $\cdot^{\frac{(z-\alpha)-1}{2}}\;\;\text{and}\;\;\cdot^{\frac{(z+\alpha)-1}{2}}$ are linearly independent, this inequality is strict: $$\langle\cdot^{\frac{(z-\alpha)-1}{2}},\;\cdot^{\frac{(z+\alpha)-1}{2}} \rangle<\left(\int_0^{\infty} t^{(z-\alpha)-1} e^{-t}dt\cdot\int_0^{\infty} t^{(z+\alpha)-1} e^{-t}dt\right)^{1/2}=\sqrt{\Gamma(z-\alpha)\Gamma(z+\alpha)}.\;\;\blacksquare$$ Now take $x>0$ and apply the aforementioned lemma with $\alpha=\frac{1}{2}$: $$\frac{\Gamma\left(x+\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\Gamma(x+1)}<\frac{\sqrt{\Gamma(x)\Gamma(x+1)}}{\Gamma(x+1)}=\sqrt{\frac{\Gamma(x)}{x\Gamma(x)}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}.\;\;\;\blacksquare$$

$$\begin{eqnarray*} \Gamma(x+1)>\frac{\frac{(900\gamma^2+73\pi^2)x}{900\gamma}+\frac{73}{100}}{\frac{\pi^2 x}{9\gamma}+1}\quad \textbf{[1]} \end{eqnarray*}$$ i want to prove this inquality on \$(0,1) is increasing i defined it as

i defined it as

$$\begin{eqnarray*} w(x)=\frac{\log[\Gamma(x+1)(\frac{\pi^2 x}{9\gamma}+1)]}{\log[\frac{(900\gamma^2+73\pi^2)x}{900\gamma}+\frac{73}{100}]} \quad [2] \end{eqnarray*}$$ but [2] not increasing to prove it ! what it need to get it increasing