Why does $ds=\frac{dxdy}{|n\cdot k|}$ for surface integrals? I have come across the answer to a surface integral here:
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation1-130305202701-phpapp01/95/integral-permukaan-15-638.jpg?cb=1362515311
And at one stage it says:
$$ds=\frac{dxdy}{|n\cdot k|}$$
I don't understand this step or where this formula comes from for surface integrals.
Can anyone explain why this is the case and what $k$ is?
Thanks.
 A: The formula you see is the result of projecting $ds$ onto the plane. When we calculate any integral we are taking an infinite sum of small pieces. In this case, $ds$ represents an infinitesimal piece of surface area.
Imagine a surface in $3D$ space and a little square on the surface. This little square is $ds$ and it will have a unit normal vector pointing outward. That is the $\hat n$ in the formula. How does $ds$ relate to $dxdy$? If you draw vertical lines from the corners of $ds$ down to the plane, they will touch the corners of $dxdy$. It is important that you either draw this or visualize it so that you can understand it.
How does the area represented by $ds$ relate to the area represented by $dxdy$? If you have drawn a picture you can see that $ds\cos\theta=dxdy$ where $\theta$ is the angle between $ds$ and $dxdy$. That is the critical observation. The rest is calculation.
The angle $\theta$ between the two infinitesimal surfaces is the same as the angle between the unit normal vector $\hat n$ and the unit normal vector in the plane, which is $\hat k$. Using the formula for the dot product gives us $\hat n \cdot\hat k=|\hat n||\hat k|\cos\theta$. But $\hat n$ and $\hat k$ are unit vectors so this gives $\hat n\cdot\hat k=\cos\theta$.
Therefore, $ds\cos\theta=dxdy\implies ds=\frac{dxdy}{\cos\theta}\implies ds=\frac{dxdy}{\hat n\cdot\hat k}$.
Notice that this formula doesn't work if $\cos\theta = 0$. If that is the case then $ds$ is perpendicular to the plane so you would project it onto the $yz$ plane.
