Finitely additive measures on $2^\mathbb{N}$ In our analysis course, the following question came up and could, up to now, not be solved:

Let $a: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{C}$ be a sequence of complex numbers. What are necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a function $\mu: 2^\mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{C}$ satisfying the properties

*

*$\mu(\{i\}) = a_i$

*$\mu$ is finitely additive, i.e. $A\cap B = \emptyset\implies \mu(A\cup B) = \mu(A)+\mu(B)$?


Partial Results
If we are given such a function defined on a subset of $2^\mathbb{N}$, we can of course extend it to all sets of the form $A\cup B, A\cap B = \emptyset$ and $A\setminus B, B\subset A$. This invites the use of Zorn's Lemma; but it seems impossible to prove that a maximal set closed under these operations must be $2^\mathbb{N}$. However, this approach strongly suggests that $\mu$ exists for all $(a_i)$, as the problem only depends on $2^\mathbb{N}$.
On the other hand, if $a_i$ converges absolutely, one can set $\mu(I) = \sum_{i\in I} a_i$ which fulfills the required properties, but this approach does not generalise at all.
 A: Given any such sequence $a_i$, you can use it to define a finitely additive measure on the collection of finite subsets of $\mathbb N$.  Now consider the vector
space $V:= \mathbb C^{\oplus \mathbb N}$, i.e. the direct sum of countably many copies of $\mathbb C$, with the copies of $\mathbb C$ being indexed by elements $i \in \mathbb N$.  Alternatively, this is the space of sequences $(z_i)_{i \in \mathbb N}$ with $z_i =0$ for all but finitely many $i$.
Or, if you want to think a little more analytically, you can think
of this as the space of $\mathbb C$-valued functions on $\mathbb N$ with finite support, i.e. which vanish outside a finite set.   (The function attached to a sequence is just $i \mapsto z_i$,  of course.)
Our choice of finitely addivite measure defines a functional on $V$, given by
$(z_i) \mapsto \sum_{i \in \mathbb N} a_i z_i.$ (More analytically, this is integration of the finitely supported function corresponding to $(z_i)$ against our finitely addivite measure.)
Now let $W$ be the vector space of all $\mathbb C$-valued functions on $V$.
Certainly $V \subset W$, and we may always extend linear functionals from a subspace to the whole space; thus we may extend our given functional to a
functional $I: W \to \mathbb C$.  (The label $I$ is chosen to suggest integration.)
Now if $S$ is any subset of $\mathbb N$, let $\chi_S$ be the characteristic function of $S$.  Define $\mu(S) = I(\chi_S)$.  Then $\mu$ is a finitely additive measure on $\mathbb N$ satisfying the required properties.
(This is essentially the Zorn's lemma argument suggested in the original posting, but reformulated in terms of extending functionals on vector spaces,
which makes it more transparent.)
