Relationship between conditional logic and truth table values In a conditional statement: if a then b is not necessarily equivalent to ~a then ~b. But in a truth table, when a is false and b is false, the statement is said to be "true". For example, in the conditional statement: "If you pass the exam, I will buy you dinner," the truth table says that F, F = T: if you don't pass the exam, I will not buy you dinner - would be considered a true statement. But this translation is also exactly the same as the logical inverse of the statement, "~a then ~b," which is considered to be "not necessarily true", a seeming contradiction.  My question is three fold: (1) how to reconcile the contradiction between results of the truth table (Fales, False = true, and results of the inverse statement ~A then ~ B, not necessarily true.  (2) Is there a difference between the idea of "false" from truth table and the "not" from the inverse statement? If so, what is it, and why is it that the translation to an actual example results in the same sentence (as indicated by example above, "if you do not pass the exam, I will not buy you dinner") (3) for the truth table, why would a false condition and a false conclusion result in a true statement (nothing is said about the implication when the condition is false, so shouldn't this make the (false, false) or (false, true) statements "undetermined" rather than "true")?  Thanks. 
 A: An implication is equivalent to its contrapositive, not its inverse.  So ""If you passed the exam, then I bought you dinner" is equivalent to "If I did not buy you dinner, then you did not pass the exam".  In terms of the truth table:
$$\boxed{\begin{array}{cc|ccc} A & B & A \implies B & \neg A \implies \neg B & \neg B \implies \neg A \\[1ex]\hline T & T & T & T & T \\[1ex] T & F & F & T & F \\[1ex] F & T & T & F & T \\[1ex] F & F & T & T & T \end{array}}$$
A: Beginners often mistakenly attribute some kind of causal aspect to the logical relation $A\implies B$. 
Consider for example, the statement: If it is raining, then it is cloudy.
$Raining \implies Cloudy$ 
This does not say that rain causes cloudiness or that cloudiness causes rain. It just says that it is not the case that it is both raining and not cloudy. 
$\neg [Raining \land \neg Cloudy]$
This would always be true when it is not raining, whether cloudy or not.

In your example, you have:  "If you pass the exam, then I will buy you dinner." 
$Pass\implies FreeDinner$
Or equivalently: 
$\neg [Pass \land \neg FreeDinner]$
So, it is not the case that you both pass and do not get a free dinner.
This would always be true if you did not pass, whether you got a free dinner or not.
